#2
Stomata [bordered by guard cells]:
gaps in cuticle that allow CO2 to diffuse
in (and H2O out)
sunlight to create sugars
1 and
Water is required and oxygen is
released in the process
The plant uses the sugars for
maintenance or growth, or stores
them
autotroph = self feeder
1
This process produces all of the oxygen all aerobic organisms use,
and the energy that fuels the majority of organisms on Earth!
Protists: everything without X !
= polyphyletic; a group including members that descend from different ancestors
Algae: everything with
!
X = monophyletic
clades
2
[most details]
Algae
Algae
3
Dr J Smith, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Red algae: Asparagopsis taxiformis
Reduction in methane emissions of cows of over 50%
4
[details]
5
6
7
8
decomposers
9
Basic reproductive approaches 2: (basic) life cycle of multicellular fungus
11
10
11
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https://kahoot.it/
13
Discussion 5: Biodiversity 1 – Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, Plants
For all videos, do not worry about names of organisms, or any details, that I do not talk about.
For the Discussion Quiz, you will have unlimited time to work on it. It will save your choices if you don’t finish it all at
the same time (you can resume the quiz whenever you want). DO NOT click Submit ‘til you’re all done (= handing in a
hard copy); once you submit, you can’t get access to it again.
Prokaryotes
Cells occur as one of two basic types: prokaryotic (organized nucleus absent) and eukaryotic (organized nucleus present).
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic organisms.
I put three questions about prokaryotes on the Discussion Quiz. Two are easily answerable via section 22.1 in the text,
and one is easily google-able.
Check out Table 22.1 in the text to answer Question 1.
Eukaryotes
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are made of eukaryotic cells, that can exist as single cells (protists and some fungi),
members of various types of “aggregates” (some algae), and members of multicellular organisms (some algae, all plants,
most fungi, and all animals).
Protists are the simplest known eukaryotes, and make up a group that includes lots of mostly aquatic, mostly single-celled
organisms from different lineages. The grouping is one of convenience and is actually defined by what the organisms
included within are not: fungi, animals, or plants.
Given how distantly related many protists are to each other, it is not surprising that about the only thing they have in
common, as a group, is that they tend to fall somewhere between prokaryotes and the rest of the eukaryotes with regard
to “complexity.” Protists differ from each other in their means of locomotion, ways of obtaining nutrients, interactions
with other organisms, habitat requirements, and modes of reproduction. Protist species are generally characterized as
“plant-like,” “fungus-like,” or “animal-like,” based on their mode of energy acquisition.
Watch Protist video 1; it’s got good basic info and will introduce you to Slime Molds. -> I agree with Mr Anderson: they are
insane! (The diatomaceous earth he speaks of – in toothpaste – also make an excellent nontoxic deterrent for ants.)
I put a protist question on the Discussion Quiz easily answerable via watching this video.
Watch the Slime Mold videos 1 (UCSD!) and 2 and answer Question 2.
With information from the text and elsewhere, answer Question 3.
Fungi are heterotrophic and carry out extracellular digestion: they secrete digestive enzymes outside of their bodies and
then absorb the broken-down food molecules that they need. Most fungi are multicellular, although single-celled versions
exist: yeasts (yeasts don’t form hyphae). Fungi occur in every habitat on Earth, but many are inconspicuous because of the
small size of their structures, and the cryptic nature of their lives in soil or on dead matter.
Fungi constitute probably one of the largest groups of organisms on Earth, and are distributed worldwide, but because of
their cryptic lives, no one’s got a good count on how diverse the group actually is. Fungi occur in all kinds of habitats,
including extreme ones.
Watch this video (#1); it’s good: https://www.britannica.com/video/81494/spores-Fungi-billions-fungi-rise-generations
➔ All those spores!
Property of Carolee Caffrey. Do not distribute.
I put two questions about fungi on the Discussion Quiz; both answerable through watching Fungi videos 1 and 2.
➔ Check out how big they get!
Watch Fungi 3 for Question 4.
From lecture, the text, or elsewhere, answer Question 5.
Plants, with their fungal symbionts, began the colonization of land [by at least 500 mya]. From their algal ancestor, four
different groups of plants evolved different strategies for dealing with terrestrial conditions (from avoidance to thriving).
Watch Plants 1 for excellent basic info.
From lecture or elsewhere, answer Question 6.
Watch Plants 2 and 3 videos; from them, lecture, and elsewhere, answer Questions 7 and 8. If you take labels from the
text, don’t use terms that start in “andro” or “gyn.”
Property of Carolee Caffrey. Do not distribute.
Discussion 5 Biodiversity 1
1.(1.5) From Table 22.1 in the text: Which of the extremophile capabilities would you choose, for
yourself (if you could), and why?
2a. (2.5) Briefly describe how slime molds move. Be specific about how. (Details of actual
chemicals/chemical reactions NOT necessary).
2b. (extra credit: 1 pt each) In the first slime-mold video, Joe Hanson says that slime molds help each
other and are kinda smart. -> Watch the video in the text (Link to Learning in 23.3; Bonner’s movies),
and briefly explain the following (note: if you just look this up on the web, you may not answer this
correctly):
Help each other out
“Smart”
3. (9) Pick two of the following protists – Paramecium, Euglena, Amoeba – and: briefly describe where
each lives, how it makes a living (= how and from where it gets its energy), and how it moves around.
Add either something about its role in an ecosystem or something you found interesting. Include a
picture.
Don’t plagiarize!
4. (extra credit: 1.5 pts) Use your imagination! What could possibly be a reason for some fungi spending
energy to light up their underground hyphae? Come up with a possible reason -> identify the benefit to
the fungi.
5. (5 pts) Sketch the basics of the life cycle of a multicellular fungus. Include (and label): fruiting
body/mushroom, meiosis, spores, two hyphae types, plasmogamy, and karyogamy. Pretend it’s a
species that only prepares to reproduce sexually in response to changing environmental conditions, and
indicate where, on your drawing, the change occurred. DO NOT include terms not mentioned above.
6. (5 pts) Sketch the basics of the life cycle of a multicellular fern. Include (and label): sporophyte,
meiosis, haploid spores, gametophyte, egg, sperm, fertilization, and diploid young sporophyte. DO NOT
include terms not mentioned above.
1
7. (4.5 pts) Identify the angiosperm parts 1-9.
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
8. (7 pts) In an order that makes biological sense, use #s 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (plant parts; above) to
summarize angiosperm reproduction. Don’t just list the functions of the different parts; tell a bit of a
story.
2
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