UNIT 6: PHYSIOLOGYREVIEWING THE SCIENCE
• Animals rely on nutrients for chemical building blocks and energy. Macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
• Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are organic compounds obtained from food that regulate metabolic
processes in the animal body. Minerals are inorganic molecules needed by the body in small amounts.
• The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, covering and protecting the surface of the body. It
consists of skin and the structures embedded in the skin, such as hair and nails.
• The digestive system is a tubular passageway that, in conjunction with accessory organs, processes ingested food.
• After ingestion, food is broken down into smaller pieces in the oral cavity through the grinding action of teeth.
• Saliva moistens the food and begins the chemical breakdown of starch.
• Food passes from the oral cavity to the pharynx, down the esophagus, and into the acidic environment of the stomach, where
protein digestion begins.
• Partially digested food moves from the stomach into the upper region of the small intestine, where enzymes secreted by the
pancreas and the intestine complete digestion of the food. The liver produces bile (stored and delivered by the gallbladder), which
helps digest fats.
• In the lower region of the small intestine, digested nutrients are absorbed into the body. The lining of the small intestine is
highly folded and bears fingerlike projections (villi) that present a large surface area for absorbing nutrients.
• From the small intestine, any unabsorbed material moves into the colon, where remaining water and minerals are absorbed.
Here, bacteria break down the waste and release nutrients that the body can absorb.
• The axial skeleton supports and protects vital organs along the long axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton is composed of
the bones in the arms, legs, and pelvis, and is primarily involved with movement.
• Most bones are made of spongy bone surrounded by harder compact bone. Hollow bones contain marrow.
• Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Tendons and ligaments are made of collagen.
• Muscles provide the power necessary for movement. Muscles consist of muscle fibers, each of which is packed with
myofibrils. Myofibrils contain repeating units, called sarcomeres, that contract when actin and myosin filaments slide past one
another.
• Movements are created by specialized muscle types. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, where its contractions pump blood.
Smooth muscle, which is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels, contracts in waves. Skeletal muscle is under conscious
control and has a banded appearance
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UNIT 6: PHYSIOLOGY
NAME:
Chapter 23: Digestive, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems
Due Date: April 25th – 2022
HOMEWORK:
Guidelines:
1. Type answers on the question paper in word doc., and highlights the answers
2. Submit on CANVAS (use submit button) not by E-mail
3. Only Word doc /PDF format submissions will be accepted. Any other format of
submission will not be accepted
3. Do not copy line-by-line from books or from any other sources. Write your
own language. Answers will be checked by Plagiarism Software
Part I:
2 points each
1. What are the three macronutrients? What are their major functions? Write in one sentence
each.
Ans:
2. What are vitamins? Name the water soluble and insoluble vitamins.
Ans:
3. What is the largest organ system in human? How many major layers it has and what are
those?
Ans
4. List, in order, the structure of digestive system beginning with the mouth—Ans:
5. What organs are involved in synthesizing and processing Vitamin D?
Ans:
2
6. Whether human skeleton is endo or exo-skeleton? What are the function of human
skeleton?
Ans:
7. What are the major components of bone structure? Mentions the type of tissues and the
minerals.
Ans;
8. How bones are held together at the joints?
Ans:
9. Which parts of the skeleton are made of cartilage?
Ans
10. What are the differences between Axial and Appendicular Skeleton?
Ans:
PART II:
1 point each
1. What part of the digestive system hosts bacteria that produce vitamins?
Ans:
2. What is the shared function of the liver and gallbladder?
Ans:
3. In what way are the epithelial cells lining the villi modified to increase absorptions?
Ans:
4. What is the function of the synovial sacs?
Ans:
5. Is a muscle fiber one cell or multiple cells?
Ans:
6. Which types of muscles can you voluntarily contract?
Ans:
7. List muscle structures from smallest to largest, beginning with sarcomeres.
Ans:
8. What are the components of the sarcomere?
Ans:
3
Part III
0.5 point/ choice (2)
1. Select the correct terms:
Within a (muscle / tendon), sarcomeres shorten when their (actin / myosin) filaments
slide over (actin / myosin) filaments joined to (Z / X) discs on either end of the (muscle
fiber / sarcomere).
2. Place the following events of food movement through the digestive system in the correct
order by numbering them from 1 to 5.
Points: 2.5
a.
Nutrients are absorbed through cells of the villi.
b.
Food is broken into smaller pieces through chewing.
c.
Digestive enzymes are released by accessory organs.
d.
Bacteria help digest food and produce some vitamins before sending
wastes out of the body.
e.
Acids break down proteins for further digestion.
Ans: –
3. Link each term with the best definition.
Points: 2.5
skeletal muscle
1. Muscle that is consciously controlled.
smooth muscle
2. Type of muscle found in the heart.
cardiac muscle
3. Type of muscle used for walking and running.
voluntary muscle
4. Type of muscle found in the digestive system.
involuntary muscle
5. Muscle that works without conscious control.
4. Use these terms correctly in the following sentence: dermis, epithelial, adipose.
———- tissue is found in the hypodermis and insulates us from temperature extremes.
One level up, the ———— is composed mainly of connective tissue. And protecting us
from the external environment is the epidermis, made up of ———– tissue
Ans:
Points: 1.5
5. Match each muscle illustration with its name and description(s). Each has two matching
Points: 1.5
Word Bank: banded, involuntary contractions, cardiac, skeletal, smooth, voluntary
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Skeletal
cardiac
smooth
6. Match each term to the image it describes.
Point 1
Word Bank: muscle in contracted state, muscle in relaxed state, myosin filament heads bound
to actin filaments (multiple answers)
Left picture:
Right picture:
7. Vitamin E deficiency is rare in individuals on a western diet due to a particularly high
intake of which of the following? Choose from: Vegetable oils, citrus foods, junk foods
8. Demand for folic acid may increase during pregnancy, and folic acid deficiency may lead
to a greater risk of birth defects, such as spina bifida. In addition to vitamin
supplementation, a pregnant mom may choose to eat more of which of the following?
Word Bank: Legumes, broccoli, sweet potatoes, fish
1 point
Choose Correct:————————–Incorrect Answer(s): ———————-
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