Chapter 2
GLOBAL
HEALTH AND
DISEASE
Chapter 2: Overview
• Introduction
• Burden of Disease
• Non communicable Disease
• Infectious Disease
• The Future of Infectious Disease
• Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Development and management
– Understanding the environmental or national
context
• Social and cultural beliefs
• The physical environment
• The political climate
Introduction
• Understanding the environmental or national
context
– Economic development
– Social structures
– Types of diseases present in the population
Introduction
• Influence of population health needs
– Distribution of medical resources
– Provision of health services
Introduction
• Demands on healthcare systems
– Disease prevention
– Primary treatment
– Secondary treatment
– Tertiary treatment
Introduction
• Integration of the healthcare system with
public health system
• Public health system responsibilities
Burden of Disease
• Measurement of disease
– Prevalence
– Incidence
– Disease specific mortality
– Case fatality rate
– Mortality rates
Burden of Disease
• Reporting the burden of disease
– Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
– Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
– Health expectancy
– Healthy life years
– Application of cost-benefit analyses
Burden of Disease
• Effect of measurement on appropriation of
health resources
• Difficulties with collecting health statistics
Noncommunicable Disease
Top 10 leading causes of death
1. Heart disease
2. Cerebrovascular
disease
3. Respiratory
infections
4. HIVAIDS
5. Chronic pulmonary
disease
6. Perinatal
conditions
7. Diarrheal
disease
8. Tuberculosis
9. Malaria
10. Respiratory
tract cancers
Noncommunicable Disease
• Emergence of noncommunicable disease
– Heart disease
– Stroke
– Cancer
Noncommunicable Diseases
• Emergence of noncommunicable disease
– Chronic respiratory disease
– Mental illness
– Diabetes
Noncommunicable Disease
• Increasing impact on worldwide mortality
– Differences between communicable and
noncommunicable disease
• World Health Organization projection
Noncommunicable Disease
• Risk factors for noncommunicable disease
– Lifestyle
– Environment
• Top ten leading causes of death worldwide
Noncommunicable Disease
• Cardiovascular disease
– Forms of disease
• Atherosclerotic disease
• Non-atherosclerotic disease
Noncommunicable Disease
• Cardiovascular diseases Types
– Coronary Artery Disease
– Heart Attack
– Congenital Heart Disease
– Aneurysm
– Heart Failure
– High Blood Pressure
– Stroke
– Arrhythmias
Noncommunicable Disease
• Cancer
– Risk factors
– Preventable risk factors
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
• Age: can take decades to develop
• Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle choices
• Family history: 10% due to inherited condition
• Health conditions: Some chronic health
conditions can increase risks
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
• Environment: may contain harmful chemicals
• Globalization:
– Rising consumption of tobacco; processed foods
high in fats, sugars, and salt
– Declining consumption of fruit and vegetables
– More sedentary activity levels
Noncommunicable Disease
• Diabetes mellitus
– Definition
– Classification
• Type 1
• Type 2
• Gestational
Noncommunicable Disease
Projections By The International Diabetes Federation
• By 2025: people with diabetes expected to
be 380 million worldwide
– 80% living in the developing world
• Each year, 7 million people develop
diabetes, while 38 million die of diabeteslinked causes
Noncommunicable Disease
Projections By The International Diabetes Federation
• Diabetes affects 15%–20% of the adult
population Asia, Middle East, Caribbean
• India has the largest number of diabetics
followed by China, US and Russia
• Increasingly affects young & middle aged
• More than half of diabetics in developing
countries between 40 and 59 years old
Noncommunicable Disease
• Mental illness
– Global burden
– Most common forms
– Impact on the individual
– Important facts
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
• 4/10 causes of disability = mental disorders
• By 2020, major depressive illness will be
the leading cause of disability
• Untreated mental illness in US costs $100
billion per year
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
• Strikes individuals in their prime; without
treatment:
• Unnecessary disability
• Unemployment
• Substance abuse
• Suicide
• Homelessness
• Inappropriate incarceration
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
• Best treatments for serious mental illnesses
today are highly effective
– With appropriate effective medication and a wide range
of services tailored to their needs, most people can live
with serious mental illnesses or reduce the impact
• Early identification and treatment is vital
• Stigma erodes confidence in system’s
ability to detect and treat effectively
Infectious Disease
• Definition
• Transmission
• Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Infectious Disease
• Increased global awareness of the burden of
disease by developed countries
– Impact on their populations
– Sense of justice
Infectious Disease
• Vector-borne diseases
– Factors for resurgence
– Classification by type of pathogen
• Examples:
– Malaria
– Zika Virus
Infectious Disease
• Malaria
– Infectious agent
– Vector
– Symptoms
– Management
• Treatment
• Control
Infectious Disease
• Water-borne diseases
– Route of infection
– Important organisms
• Examples: Diarrheal Disease and Cholera
Infectious Disease
• Diarrheal disease
– Impact
– Control and management
Infectious Disease
• Respiratory infection
– Categorization
• Examples: Tuberculosis and Influenza
Infectious Disease
• Sexually transmitted disease
– Impact of the HIV epidemic
– Challenges to disease control
Infectious Disease
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
– Prevalence
– Impact on sub-Saharan Africa
– Control efforts
– Challenges to meeting reduction goals
Infectious Disease
• Zoonotic Infections
– Infectious agent transmitted under natural
conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
• Examples: salmonella, hantavirus disease, a
hemorrhagic disease
– Avian Influenza: 7 types of influenza (type A)
– Ebola Virus: identified in 1976 in the Congo
with 318 cases, of which 280 died
Infectious Disease
• Immunization and other intervention programs
– Preventable infectious disease
– Mechanisms for reducing mortality
Infectious Disease
• Emerging infectious diseases
– New diseases
– Contribution to disease emergence
• CDC identified 18 bacteria resistant to
antibiotics; placed into three categories:
– Urgent
– Threat
– Concerning
The Future of Infectious Disease
• Cornerstones:
– Early diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• Challenges:
– Climate change
– Violence and war
– Population migration
– Rapid global transportation & communication
– Declining infrastructure and Poverty
– Antibiotic resistance
– Viral and bacterial mutations
– Lack of Infrastructure
– Globalization
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
• Successful intervention of current and
emerging diseases depends on:
– Integration public health and health services
– Vigilant and well prepared professionals
– Constant surveillance
– Community health workers with the right skills
– Countrywide policies: prepare, protect, respond
– All nations to engage in new research
Conclusion
• Requirement for constant disease surveillance
• Requirement for high-level coordination
• Other strategies
This Section Reserved
for Instructors
Suggested Discussion or Research
Questions
General Question Categories
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Structure and Evaluation Healthcare Services and Systems
Global Burden of Disease
Cultural Influences
Medical Travel and Tourism and Off Shoring
Health Communication, Marketing, Social Marketing
Data and Measurement
Policy, Strategy, and the Regulatory Environment
Global Health Leadership
International Best Practices
Discussion or Research Questions
• Describe the different environmental and
national contexts that influence the
development and management of a
country’s healthcare system.
• What are they nonmedical services health
systems provide in the arena of public
health and how do they impact community
health and well-being?
Discussion or Research Questions
• Provide a brief description and application
for the commonly used population health
indicators.
• What are the implications of using
measurements such as quality-adjusted life
years, health expectancy, and on decisions
made by national health systems?
Discussion or Research Questions
• What are they nonmedical services health systems
provide in the arena of public health and how do
they impact community health and well-being?
• Provide a brief description and application for the
commonly used population health indicators.
Discussion or Research Questions
• What are the implications of using measurements
such as quality-adjusted life years, health
expectancy, and on decisions made by national
health systems?
• Describe the impacts that decreasing rates of
communicable diseases and increasing rates of
communicable diseases have on national health
systems?
Discussion or Research Questions
• Describe the impacts that decreasing rates of
communicable diseases and increasing rates of
communicable diseases have on national health
systems?
• Describe the factors that increase the risk of
developing cancer.
• Explain how changes in global transportation
impact the geographic distribution of
communicable diseases.
•
Discussion or Research Questions
• What environmental infrastructure deficiencies
make control of communicable diseases difficult
in developing countries?
• How do changing climactic conditions affect the
incidence and prevalence of vector-borne
diseases?
Suggested Topic Areas To Use When Facilitating
Discussions, Projects, or Case Studies
• Engagement of stakeholders
• Effectively working in and managing teams
• Learning how to get in front of the problem or identify
opportunities
• Learning to communicate effectively
• Assessment of solutions that fit the country
• Embracing systems thinking
• Recognize and embrace diversity
• Sustaining the mission of health as well as health care
Examine how the COVID-19 Pandemic influenced patients with mental health disorders
and their treatment plans.
Use this week’s required readings, recommended readings, the textbook and your own
research to develop a PowerPoint presentation describing:
•
An overview of symptoms, risk factors, and prevalence of mental health disease in
KSA
•
Best practices for diagnosis, early identification, and treatment of mental illness in a
pandemic
•
What are the contemporary and future challenges related to the healthcare system
management of this mental illness in a pandemic?
•
Recommendations on how to address these challenges going forward.
Your presentation should meet the following structural requirements:
•
Be 10-12 slides in length, not including the title or reference slides.
•
Be formatted according to Saudi Electronic University and APA writing 7th edition
guidelines.
•
Provide support for your statements with citations from a minimum of six scholarly
articles. These citations should be listed in the Notes section of the slide in which they
appear. Two of these sources may be from the class readings, textbook, or lectures,
but four must be external.
•
Each slide must provide detailed speaker’s notes to support the slide content. These
should be a minimum of 100 words long (per slide) and must be a part of the
presentation. The presentation cannot be submitted in PDF format, which does not
make notes visible to the instructor. Notes must draw from and cite relevant reference
materials.
•
Utilize headings to organize the content in your work.
•
Choose one mental health issue so it will be easier while searching.
Readings
Required
•
•
•
•
Chapter 2 in Comparative Health Systems
Sharif, L., Basri, S., Alsahafi, F., Altaylouni, M., Albugumi, S., Banakhar, M., Wright,
R. J. (2020). An exploration of Family caregiver experiences of burden and Coping
while caring for people with mental disorders in Saudi Arabia—A qualitative
study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17),
6405.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176405
Ghazwani, E. Y., Alayed, M., Al-Qahtani, A. M., Abdulla, Y., Qureshi, M. A., AlKhadher, M. A., Alwesabi, S. A., Alshehri, A. A., Almas, M. H., & Khorshid, S. M.
(2021). The psychological and emotional impact of coronavirus disease on COVID-19
patients in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia: An exploratory study. Journal of public
health research, 11(1), 2343. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2343
PPT presentation.
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Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
