Your Epidemiology research report seeks to identify one of the diseases that are currently on the rise in the United States. The next step is to research and define future strategies for prevention and control of the disease.
Requirements:
In 2-3 paragraphs, summarize how researchers and healthcare workers are modifying the current approach(es) to overcome issues with prevention and control of the disease.
In 2-3 paragraphs, describe some promising approaches to controlling and preventing the disease that you think should be explored further by researchers and healthcare workers.
List at least two new research sources you’ve identified that you think have information relevant to the disease you’re researching. These sources should be different from those already cited. Include URLs to specific articles or Web pages.
be free of spelling and grammar errors.
Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.
Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. (Mac users, please remember to append the “.docx” extension to the filename.) The name of the file should be your first initial and last name, followed by an underscore and the name of the assignment, and an underscore and the date. An example is shown below:
Module 04 Epidemiological Study ImpactsNow that you have learned some about the different types of epidemiological studies, it’s important to understand the way that they are used. Studies are done for a lot of reasons. Some of the most obvious are to understand how disease works in a specific population or under certain conditions. Then the very obvious reason is to learn how to prevent illness from occurring. That is where things get interesting. There are a lot of factors that influence how disease occurs in populations, and some of these things are relatively easy to adjust to. Water sanitation and retail food sanitation standards help prevent waterborne and foodborne illness, but how do we regulate conditions in your kitchen? Education is great, but the old adage that “you can lead a horse to water, but can’t make it drink” certainly applies here. The findings in epidemiological studies are certainly used to develop educational campaigns to help the public understand how to keep themselves healthy and hope that they listen.There is one more very powerful impact that epidemiological studies can have, and that is on the development of policy. There is somewhat of a love-hate relationship with policies because some view it as telling people how to live their lives, but it is important to note that several of the most successful public health interventions of the first 10 years of this century were policies informed by epidemiology. Vaccine-Preventable DiseaseThe introduction of new vaccines, improvement of others and vaccination policies in many places have prevented approximately 42,000 deaths and 20 million cases of disease with an economic savings benefit of $69 billion. Tobacco ControlIn 2000 the number of states with tobacco control policies was 25 and 16 more were added by 2006. While strides have been made in reducing the number of tobacco users we still incur a $193 billion economic burden annually. Maternal and Infant HealthPolicies to improve maternal and infant health outcomes have led to an increase in overall health of mothers and babies. Motor Vehicle SafetyPeople are driving more often but the number of motor vehicle accidents and fatalities have reduced due to policies including safer cars, safer roads, seatbelt laws and safe driving laws. The death rate in motor vehicle crashes dropped from 14.9 per 100,000 to 11.0 per 100,000 and the injury rate reduced from 1,130 to 722. Pedestrian and bicycle deaths also declined. Childhood Lead Poisoning PreventionDevelopment and enforcement of lead poisoning prevention laws has saved an estimated $213 billion per year. H430/HSC4500 Epidemiology
Module 04 Live Lecture
Module 04 Live Lecture Agenda
• Epidemiological Study Impacts
• Steps Of An Outbreak Investigation
• Chapter(s) Review
• Discussion Forum Review
• Written Assignment Review
• Course Project Review
• Assignments
– Module 04 Live Lecture Attendance
– Module 04 Discussion
– Module 04 Written Assignment
– Module 04 Course Project
THE KEY TO A SUCCESSFUL REVIEW SESSION IS
AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION
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Epidemiological Study Impacts
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Study Impacts
• Study purpose
–Learn how disease works
–Create an educational program
–Prevent an illness from occurring
–Develop new policies
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Steps Of An Outbreak Investigation
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Steps
• Prepare for field work
• Establish the existence of an outbreak
• Verify the diagnosis
• Construct a working case definition
– Simple is good!
• Find cases systemically and record information
• Perform descriptive epidemiology
– Use data to describe outbreak in epidemiological
terms
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Steps In Outbreak Cont.
• Develop hypothesis and change as necessary
throughout investigation
– Never be afraid to revist and revise!
• Evaluate hypothesis epidemiologically
– What does the data tell you?
• Implement control and prevention measures
• Communicate findings
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Epidemic Curve
• Visual display of the outbreak’s magnitude and time
trend (estimated)
• Tells you where you are in the course of an epidemic
(may project its future estimated course)
• If disease is identified and known, we can estimate
probable time period of exposure
• Can draw inferences about epidemic pattern
– Outbreak from common source for example
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Curve Example
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Chapter 5: Study Design
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Key Takeaways
Data collection is yielded by study design
• Design may be simple or complex
• Design may be experimental (intervention
with subjects) or observational (data driven)
Study Design
• Cohort
• Case Control
• Cross-Sectional
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Attendance Question #1
What is an observational study?:
A. Study in which the investigator only gathers
data from the subjects
B. Study in which the investigator intervenes
with the subjects in some ways
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
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Discussion Forum Review
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Topic of Discussion
Cross-sectional studies provide important
information related to health and behavioral
aspects of people of a country, state, county, or
community.
• In your opinion, can cross-sectional studies be
used for making health policy decisions and
allocating resources based on the results of the
study? Why or why not? Do some research online
for an example where cross-sectional study has
been useful in understanding the health or
economic impact of a disease or a risk factor in a
community?
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Written Assignment Review
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Requirements
Do some research and find an article online that
describes an epidemiological study (case-control,
cohort, ecological, or cross-sectional study).
For each question below, cite your research that
supports your answer:
• What was the hypothesis of the study?
• How were the cases selected for the study?
• How many cases were selected for the study?
• Describe the inclusion or exclusion criteria for the
selection of cases and controls?
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Course Project Review
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Course Project Summary
• The purpose of this project is to enable you to understand,
appreciate, and apply the concepts, methods, and tools of
epidemiology in the prevention of an acute or chronic disease that
is affecting our society.
• There has been considerable progress towards understanding the
causes of many health conditions and applying control and
prevention measures, yet many of these health conditions are still
on the rise.
• There is still a lot of work that needs to be done.
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Course Project Summary
• We need material, methods, and tools that can
eradicate these conditions from our society and
decrease human suffering.
– The question is can we control or eradicate many of today’s health
conditions that afflict our society? As an epidemiologist, you are not
just identifying and measuring a health problem but recommending
ways to implement control and prevention measures.
• With this project, you will identify one of the diseases
that are currently on the rise in the United States.
– You will first look at the epidemiology of the disease or health
condition.
– Then you will elaborate on past and current measures that have been
adopted for its control and prevention.
– Finally, you will attempt to answer some of the reasons as to why we
are unable to control it and what future holds for us in terms of
controlling the disease.
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Course Project Summary
• Each week you will have the opportunity to work on a
different section
• Each assignment leading up to the final assignment is
evaluated and grade independently
– Grading rubrics in the Rubrics Folder
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Course Project Requirements
• For this project, you will write an original research paper with a
body of 5-6 pages.
The goal of this project is:
• To select a health condition for control and prevention (select from
the following: west nile virus, norovirus, salmonella, dengue, and
ebola.)
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Course Project Requirements
When completed, your project should consist of the following:
• Title Page – captivating title, your name, title of the course, date
• Body – 4-5 pages consisting of an introduction, background on
your topic, research on past and current methods of disease
prevention and control, an examination of issues with the current
approach to prevention and control, an evaluation of future
approaches, and a strong conclusion.
• Reference Page – in APA format.
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Course Project Component Highlight
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Course Project: Module 04 Requirements
Your Epidemiology research report seeks to identify one of the
diseases that are currently on the rise in the United States. The
next step is to research and define future strategies for
prevention and control of the disease
Requirements:
• In 2-3 paragraphs, summarize how researchers and healthcare
workers are modifying the current approach(es) to overcome
issues with prevention and control of the disease.
• In 2-3 paragraphs, describe some promising approaches to
controlling and preventing the disease that you think should be
explored further by researchers and healthcare workers.
• List at least two new research sources you’ve identified that you
think have information relevant to the disease you’re
researching. These sources should be different from those
already cited. Include URLs to specific articles or Web pages.
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Attendance Question #2
What is an experimental study?:
A. Study in which the investigator only gathers
data from the subjects
B. Study in which the investigator intervenes
with the subjects in some ways
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
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Don’t Forget To
Document Attendance!
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