My proposed topic is: A study on assessment of womens attitudes and awareness of cervical cancer screening among women(18-55years)residing in North East,Uk.
Can you let me know if you are using primary or secondary data. No mixed study pls. Quantitative
The structure for the proposal is below.
Proposal structure:
Introduction
Brief literature review
Research questions
Aim and objectives
Epistemiological approach
Methods
Research outcomes
Cost
Timeline(Gnatt chart)
Pls my school does not joke with references(Harvard style)!!!
A copy of my previous proposal that was rejected is attached below. You can go through it to see what and what not to do.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON:
A STUDY ON ASSESSMENT OF MARRIED
WOMEN’S ATTITUDES AND AWARENESS OF
CERVICAL CANCER AND EARLY HUMAN
PAPILLOMA VIRUS SCREENING IN EDO STATE,
NIGERIA.
WORD COUNT: 1854
1
INTRODUCTION
The majority of women at risk for the condition, who do not often exhibit any symptoms, are
examined as part of cervical cancer screening.The examination is done to check for precancerous
changes that, if unchecked, could turn into cancer. While there are many tests available to
display for cervical cancer, only the Pap smear test has been shown to reduce cervical cancer
rates as well as mortality in huge numbers (Chia, 2016). For the fast identification of cervix
cancer, several less invasive techniques, including such Visual assessment using acetic acid
(VAA) and Visual Inspection using Lugol’s Iodine (VII), were developed. These methods,
however quicker and less time-consuming, have been proven be less susceptible to cytology
screening using Pap smear, which might also lead to false results, lead to serious psychological
issues, and lead to the wrong treatment (Ubajaka et al., 2015).
Efforts to combat cervical cancer, It is one of the most typical cancer-causing factors mortality in
women in developing nations, have increased due to introduction of extremely potent vaccines
against the human papillomavirus (HPV) (Drolet et al., 2015). Approximately 90% of the
260,000 cervical cancer casualties, that occurs each year around the world in less developed
countries (Ferlay et al., 2015).
Precancerous tumors should be identified and treated as soon as possible to protect unvaccinated
women. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening cervical or vaginal
samples for HPV in women 30 to 49 using recognized tests when resources permit (WHO,
2013). The WHO, (2013), states that these tests are possible with independently obtained vaginal
samples. and are significantly sensitive than Pap smears and evaluation visually with acetic acid
(VIA) tests. They also permit longer gaps between screenings (at least 5 years).
BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW
2
The costs of cervical cancer may be very high in terms of people, society, and money. It
frequently affects young, healthy women, and has serious consequences (International Agency
for Research on Cancer, 2017). There are vaccines that can effectively prevent infections and
potentially malignant alterations result in cervical cancer, which is a relief for this cancer that
wreaks havoc on families. Another preventative measure is screening techniques (Amine, 2016;
WHO, 2017). This includes high-risk HPV testing, liquid-based cytology, the frequently used
Papanicolaou (Pap) test, ocular examination with acetic acid or lugols iodine (VIA or VILI), and
other tests (WHO, 2017). The three HPV vaccines that are now available for purchase are
Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix. They provide protection against harmful HPV subtypes
(National Cancer Institute, 2017). Cervical cancer risk is increased in those with low
socioeconomic status, who are frequently found in urban slums. They also have less knowledge
of health issues and less access to medical treatment (Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention,
2017).
Cervico-vaginal carcinoma is among the most prevalent genital tract malignancies in women
(Olubodun, Odukoya and Balogun, 2019, pp. 13-21). But in recent years, Numerous studies have
discovered that breast cancer is now its only real competitor (Olubodun, Odukoya and Balogun,
2019, pp. 13-21; Ubajaka, et al., 2015). About 500,000 new cases are reported each year
globally, the majority of which are found in developing countries and manifest late, making only
palliative care possible (WHO, 2017).
Statement of Problem
Two hundred and fifty (250) cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in Nigeria for every 100,000
people (Ubajaka, et al., 2015). Authorities predicted there would be 25,000 new cases each year
(Ubajaka, et al.., 2015). In addition, a test study carried out in Jos, Nigeria, discovered estimated
3000-8000 deaths per year in 2003 (Ubajaka, et al.., 2015). A study from Abakaliki found that
while cervical cancer screening is widely known, almost nobody actually uses it. (Ifemelumma et
al., 2019). Research from diverse areas of the country still report poor rates of cervical cancer
screening among women who are fertile notwithstanding the reasonably high level of cervical
cancer alertness as well as federal efforts to create a campaign to prevent cancer at several
government health facilities nationwide (Ijezie and Johnson, 2019).
Study Rationale/ Justification
3
In order to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality, it is imperative to raise screening
frequency between women who have never undergone screening or who have not been screened
regularly (Dim, 2012, pp. 247–252). Awareness of cervical cancer and its screening has an
impact on how many people opt to get screened (Ezem, 2007, pp. 94–98; Eze, 2012, pp.238243).
However, married women between the ages of 25 and 49 have the highest risk of developing the
condition, and the typical diagnostic age is 50 (Globocan, 2008). Pap tests have historically been
beneficial in preventing up to 80% of aggressive cervical cancer cases in the industrialized world
particularly combined with the therapy of cervical pre-cancerous lesions and early-stage
malignancy (Gichangi et al., 2003 pp. 827-833; Kivistic et al., 2011, p. 43). Cervical cancer
death rates have grown and continue to climb as a result of subpar Pap smear testing standards
and poor screening techniques used in developing nations (Brown et al., 2011, pp).
Nigeria has not had much success establishing efficient cervical cancer screening. In this
country, cervical cancer screening is frequently done opportunistically, depending on the
initiative of the woman or a medical professional. Currently, there is no widely used cervical
cancer screening program in Nigeria. Although the majority of services are provided in teaching
hospitals, they are rarely used. Although numerous studies on cervical cancer have been
conducted, these studies involved both healthcare professionals and women who visited
antenatal/gynecology clinics. The absence of work on cervical cancer screening attention among
married women in the study area, especially those who ought to be in a better position to teach
the young females what they are responsible for and the general public necessitated this research.
Significant of study
Married women are probably by far at risk for cervical lesions or cancer and hpv infection
because they are in the greatest risk age group. The findings of this study will demonstrate how
much of this might be attributable to misinformation, an erroneous aversion to screening exams,
and misperceptions about them. Once more, the findings of this study may be helpful to the
Nigeria government in formulating and implementing health policies that will expand the testing
capacity for papillomavirus and cervical cancer screening.
Study aim
4
The study aims to evaluate the viewpoints of married women, attitudes and consciousness of
cervical screening and Human papilloma virus testing in Edo State, Nigeria, is the goal of this
study.
Specific Objectives
1. Determining the knowledge of cervical cancer screening and HPV testing the married
population of Edo State.
2. Examining married women’s interactions with one another in Edo State with regard to HPV
testing and cervical cancer screening.
3. Choosing the essential instruments for HPV and cervical cancer screening created by married
ladies in Edo state
4. Identifying supposed barriers to human papilloma virus testing and cervical cancer screening
programs.
Research question
What are the attitudes and awareness of married women about cervical screening and Human
papilloma virus testing in Edo State, Nigeria.
Hypothesis
This research study will adopt alternate hypothesis.
Epistemological Approach
The approach is positivism since positivism entails gathering exact, measurable scientific
evidence so that the conclusions can be generalized (Mukherji and Albon, 2014).
MATERIALS AND METHOD
5
Study Design
A descriptive cross-sectional study measures an illness or condition at a certain time for a
defined population, as well as any relevant linked factors. Cross-sectional research can be
compared to a “snapshot” of the prevalence and traits of a disorder in a population at a specific
period (Nedarc.org, 2019). Cross sectional studies would be used for this survey because it is
typically rapid, simple, and affordable to conduct (Sedgwick, 2014)
Study Setting
According to a study, Edo state has 3,233,366 citizens in 2006, making it the 24th most populous
state in Nigeria (World Gazetteer) in terms of population (2013). A state, Edo State in Nigeria
has the 22nd largest land area. Edo, a state that was created in 1991 after Bendel was divided off,
is the city that is fourth in size in Nigeria.
Data Sources
Key sources that will be used in this research study will be surveys (questionnaires). Additional
sources of information include the school library, internet journals.
Population size
Married women who reside in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria will be the subject of the
descriptive cross-sectional study. Married women between the ages of 20 and 55 who are
currently residing in the city prior to the study will meet the eligibility requirements. The
research population will be the 3,233,366 residents of the state.
Sample size
The formula given below will be used to calculate the sample size.
‘‘Formula: n=N/I+N(d)2 where N is the population size, N is the sample size, and D is the
precision level’’. N = 3,233,366, D = 0.05 N = 32333661+3233366 (0.005) (0.005) 2 =400
6
By including an extra 10% of the sample that takes attrition into account, the sample size is
increased to 440 (400 + 40).
Sampling Method
Simple random sampling will be used as the sampling technique, as well as every member of the
population will have an exact equal chance of selection (McCombes, 2022).
Inclusion and Exclusion Method
Respondents who finished the questionnaire outside of the research region cannot be counted in
the results. Regardless of their location or gender, respondents had to be residents of the state of
Edo, at least 18 years old, married, and literate in order to be eligible. Responses won’t be
considered if the consent forms aren’t filled out. Women who are single and younger than 18,
will not be included in the study.
Method of Data Collection and Administration
We will distribute self-structured, standardized questionnaires to married women, and we will
collect data from their responses. The questionnaire will assess people’s knowledge and
awareness of HPV testing and cervical cancer screening among married women in the state of
Edo, Nigeria. Information will be saved, computed, and collected from people using Google
forms and emails (Hoque and Hoque, 2009).
Confidentiality and Anonymity
The researcher pledged to retain complete anonymity and to keep the responses’ information
confidential.
Data analysis statistical package
Software called SPSS 20 will be used for data analysis. For categorical variables, frequency
tables were created.
RESULTS
7
The conclusions will be presented in writing using the studied data collected from respondents..
Study Limitation
Low response rates from respondents can be the potential restriction. This flaw will be fixed by
guaranteeing complete anonymity and monitoring the questionnaires on all social media sites
where they are placed.
Cost
It is anticipated that this study will cost 250 pounds in total. This will cover the price of our
internet services, shipping, and any other miscellaneous.
Gantt chat
The Gantt chat below depict the duration (About three to four months) for this survey.
Activity
Week
1 Week
2 Week
5 Week
7 Week
9 Week 11
&2
&3
&6
&8
& 10
& 12
Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Data collection
Results
Discussion,
Conclusion
&
Recommendation
Final
draft
(Presentation)
8
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