What do each of these schools of thought define as the appropriate focus of study in psychology? Now pick one of the other schools of though described in Chapter 1 of the textbook (e.g., Freud, behaviorism, humanism) and describe how it is different than both structuralism and functionalism.
For your reply to a classmate, answer the following: did you choose the same or a different “third” school of thought? What similarities and differences are there in your descriptions of the third school?
Psychology: Themes and
Variations,
11e
Chapter 1: The Evolution
of Psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1
Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
01.01 Summarize Wundt’s contributions to psychology, and describe the chief
tenets of structuralism and functionalism.
01.02 Articulate Freud’s principal ideas and why they inspired controversy.
01.03 Trace the development of behaviorism, and assess Watson’s impact on the
evolution of psychology.
01.04 Summarize Skinner’s key insights, and explain the emergence of
humanism and its underlying philosophy.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2
Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
01.05 Discuss how historical events contributed to the emergence of psychology
as a profession.
01.06 Describe two trends emerging in the 1950s–1960s that represented a
return to psychology’s intellectual roots.
01.07 Explain why Western psychology has shown an increased interest in
cultural variables in recent decades.
01.08 Discuss the emergence and basic ideas of evolutionary psychology and
positive psychology.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3
Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
01.09 Discuss the growth of psychology and identify the most common work
settings for contemporary psychologists.
01.10 List and describe the major research areas and professional specialties in
psychology.
01.11 Understand the text’s three unifying themes relating to psychology as a field
of study.
01.12 Understand the text’s four unifying themes relating to psychology’s subject
matter.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4
Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
01.13 Discuss some strategies for promoting adequate study, improving reading
comprehension, and getting more out of lectures.
01.14 Explain the nature of critical thinking, and evaluate evolutionary
explanations for gender differences in spatial abilities.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
Unit 1
Psychology’s Early History
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6
Structuralism Versus Functionalism (Slide 1 of 2)
Structuralism:
• School of psychology that analyzes consciousness into its basic elements and
investigates how these elements are related.
• To examine the contents of one’s own consciousness, structuralism depends
on introspection–the careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own
conscious experience.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
7
Structuralism Versus Functionalism (Slide 2 of 2)
Functionalism:
• School of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the
function or purpose of consciousness, rather than the structure of
consciousness.
• Influenced by William James.
• Analyzed consciousness into “elements.”
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
8
A New Science Is Born
William Wundt
• Established the first formal laboratory of psychological research: University of
Leipzig in 1879. (Historians christened 1879 as psychology’s “date of birth” in
recognition of this landmark event.)
• Established the first journal devoted to publishing research on psychology.
• Is widely characterized as the founder of psychology.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
9
Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture
Sigmund Freud
• Approach to psychology originated with his efforts to treat mental disorders.
• His work with patients lead him to the existence of what he called the
unconscious: thoughts, memories, and desires residing well below the surface
of conscious awareness, but exerting great influence on behavior.
• Developed psychoanalytic theory, an attempt to explain personality,
motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of
behavior.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10
Watson Alters Psychology’s Course as Behaviorism
Makes Its Debut
Behaviorism
• A theory based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only
observable behavior.
• Founded by John B. Watson.
• Behavior: any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.
John Watson’s view of nature vs. nurture
• Argued that we are made, not born.
• Discounted the importance of heredity.
• Maintained that behavior is governed entirely by the environment
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
11
Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism
Flourishes
B. F. Skinner’s view of behaviorism:
• Internal mental events cannot be studied scientifically and is unnecessary
• All behavior is fully governed by external stimuli, that is behavior is determined
in predictable ways by lawful principles, just as the flight of an arrow is governed
by the laws of physics.
• We all are controlled by our environment, not by ourselves.
• Free will is an illusion.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
12
The Humanists Revolt (Slide 1 of 2)
• Humanism: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of
humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
• Humanists maintain that people are not pawns of either their animal heritage or
environmental circumstances.
• Humanists believe that because humans are fundamentally different from other
animals, research on animals has little relevance to the understanding of human
behavior.
• Famous humanists: Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
13
The Humanists Revolt (Slide 2 of 2)
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
14
Knowledge Check 1
Who established the first psychology research laboratory?
a. Edward Titchener
b. William Wundt
c. Mary Calkins
d. Sigmund Freud
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
15
Knowledge Check 1: Answer
Who established the first psychology research laboratory?
b. William Wundt, in 1879, established the first formal laboratory for
research in psychology at the University of Leipzig.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16
Unit 2
Psychology’s Modern History
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
17
Discussion Activity 1
How do you think the field of psychology has changed over time?
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
18
Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession (1 of 2)
• The first applied arm of psychology to achieve any prominence was clinical
psychology.
− Clinical psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
• Today the broad umbrella of applied psychology covers a variety of professional
specialties, including:
− School psychology
− Industrial/organizational psychology
− Counseling psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
19
Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession (2 of 2)
Applied psychology
• The first applied psychology branch to achieve prominence was clinical
psychology—psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological problems and disorders
• Current umbrella of applied psychology covers various professional specialties,
including:
− school psychology
− industrial/organizational psychology
− counseling psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
20
Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest in
Cognition and Physiology (1 of 2)
• Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
• Cognitive theorists argue that psychology must include the study of internal
mental events to fully understand human behavior.
• Many observers maintain that the cognitive approach has become the dominant
perspective in contemporary psychology.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
21
Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest in
Cognition and Physiology (2 of 2)
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
22
Psychology Broadens Its Horizons:
Increased Interest in Cultural Diversity
The following two recent trends have prompted
more and more Western psychologists to broaden
their horizons and incorporate cultural factors into
their theories and research:
1. Advances in communication, travel, and
international trade have “shrunk” the world and
increased global interdependence, bringing
more and more Americans and Europeans into
contact with people from non-Western cultures.
2. The ethnic makeup of the Western world has
become an increasingly diverse multicultural
mosaic.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
23
Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary
Psychology
• Evolutionary psychology: Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral
processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many
generations
• Evolutionary psychologists assert that the patterns of behavior seen in a
species are products of evolution in the same way that anatomical
characteristics are.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
24
Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction
Positive psychology: Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to
better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human
existence
• Three areas of interest:
1. Positive subjective experiences
2. Positive individual traits
3. Positive institutions and communities
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
25
Unit 3
Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1
Psychology Today:
Vigorous and Diversified (1 of 3)
Psychology is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and
cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and the profession that applies the
accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.
Contemporary psychology is:
• A thriving science and profession
• A multifaceted field
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2
Psychology Today:
Vigorous and Diversified (2 of 3)
Places of employment
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3
Psychology Today:
Vigorous and Diversified (3 of 3)
Major research areas in
contemporary psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4
Professional Specialties in Psychology
• Psychiatry is a branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological problems and disorders.
• Clinical psychology, in contrast, nonmedically diagnoses and treats
psychological problems and disorders.
Principal professional specialties
in contemporary psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
Poll
Which subfield of psychology most interests you?
a. clinical
b. social
c. cognitive
d. developmental
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6
Unit 4
Seven Unifying Themes
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
7
Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study
• Theme 1: Psychology Is Empirical
− Empiricism: Knowledge should be acquired through observation.
• Theme 2: Psychology Is Theoretically Diverse
− Theory: System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
• Theme 3: Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context
− Sociohistorical: Society and history impact psychology.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
8
Themes Related to Psychology’s Subject Matter
(1 of 2)
• Theme 4: Behavior Is Determined by Multiple Causes
• Theme 5: Behavior Is Shaped by Cultural Heritage
− Culture: The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and
other products of a community that are transmitted socially across
generations
• Theme 6: Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior
• Theme 7: People’s Experience of the World Is Subjective
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
9
Themes Related to
Psychology’s Subject Matter (Slide 2 of 2)
Theme 1:
Psychology Is
Empirical
Theme 2:
Psychology is
Theoretically
Diverse
Theme 3:
Psychology
Evolves in a
Sociohistorical
Context
Theme 5:
Behavior Is
Shaped by
Cultural Heritage
Theme 6: Heredity
and Environment
Jointly Influence
Behavior
Theme 7:
People’s
Experience of
the World Is
Subjective
Theme 4:
Behavior Is
Determined by
Multiple Causes
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10
Knowledge Check 2
Miguel is a graduate student studying the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological problems and disorders. Which branch of psychology is this?
a. clinical psychology
b. developmental psychology
c. social psychology
d. school psychology
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
11
Knowledge Check 2: Answer
Miguel is a graduate student studying the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological problems and disorders. Which branch of psychology is this?
a. clinical psychology
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
12
Unit 5
Personal Application
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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
13
Developing Sound Study Habits
• Set up a schedule for studying.
• Find a place to study where you can concentrate.
• Reward your studying.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
14
Improving Your Reading
• Preview reading assignments section by section.
• Work hard to actively process the meaning of information.
• Strive to identify the key ideas of each paragraph.
• Carefully review the key ideas after each section.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
15
Getting More out of Lectures
• Extracting information from lectures requires active listening.
• Read ahead on the scheduled subject in your text.
• Take notes in your own words.
• When taking notes, pay attention to clues about what is important.
• Organize your notes using the lecture outline.
• Revise your notes after class.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16
Discussion Activity 2
What can you do now to help you succeed in this course?
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
17
Unit 6
Critical Thinking Application
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
18
Critical Thinking (1 of 2)
Critical thinking skills:
• Understand and use the principles of scientific investigation.
• Apply the rules of formal and informal logic.
• Think effectively in terms of probabilities.
• Carefully evaluate the quality of information.
• Analyze arguments for the soundness of the conclusions.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
19
Critical Thinking (2 of 2)
Gender differences in spatial abilities exist:
• Males tend to perform better than females on visual-spatial tasks.
Evolutionary theory:
• Gender differences result from the sex-division of labor in ancient societies.
Use critical thinking skills to examine the evolutionary theory:
• Are there alternative explanations?
• Are there data that run counter to the evolutionary explanation?
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
20
Discussion Activity 3
How can you use critical thinking in this course?
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
21
Self-Assessment
How would you describe the early history of psychology?
How is the psychology of today different than in the past?
How is psychology diverse?
What are the major themes that make up the different subfields of psychology?
How can you use the principles of psychology to engage in critical thinking and be
a better student?
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
22
Summary (1 of 4)
Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to:
• Summarize Wundt’s contributions to psychology, and describe the chief tenets
of structuralism and functionalism.
• Articulate Freud’s principal ideas and why they inspired controversy.
• Trace the development of behaviorism, and assess Watson’s impact on the
evolution of psychology.
• Summarize Skinner’s key insights, and explain the emergence of humanism
and its underlying philosophy.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
23
Summary (2 of 4)
Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to:
• Discuss how historical events contributed to the emergence of psychology as
a profession.
• Describe two trends emerging in the 1950s–1960s that represented a return to
psychology’s intellectual roots.
• Explain why Western psychology has shown an increased interest in cultural
variables in recent decades.
• Discuss the emergence and basic ideas of evolutionary psychology and
positive psychology.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
24
Summary (3 of 4)
Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to:
• Discuss the growth of psychology, and identify the most common work
settings for contemporary psychologists.
• List and describe the major research areas and professional specialties in
psychology.
• Understand the text’s three unifying themes relating to psychology as a field of
study.
• Understand the text’s four unifying themes relating to psychology’s subject
matter.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
25
Summary (4 of 4)
Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to:
• Discuss some strategies for promoting adequate study, improving reading
comprehension, and getting more out of lectures.
• Explain the nature of critical thinking, and evaluate evolutionary explanations
for gender differences in spatial abilities.
Weiten, Psychology: Themes & Variations, 11th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
26
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