1Instructions Solely for Background Info: You must respond to all scenarios, identifying the legal
and ethical issues you see specific to the situations presented and your decision-making process
regarding these issues. Justify your decisions by citing the ethics code that supports your
reasoning. The assignment must be typed double-spaced, in 7th ed. APA style, and written at
graduate level English. Only scholarly resources may be used.
You must integrate the material presented in the text, the APA Code of Ethics, and other material
you use in your responses. Cite your work according to 7th ed. APA format.
Your response to each scenario must be 1 page.
Your complete assignment must be 11 pages plus a title and reference page.
For each of the scenarios below:
A. Respond by exploring your countertransference issue(s).
B. State what you decide to do
C. Justify your decision by citing the text, ethics code or other sources you use (remember to
reference all work in APA format)
1. An attorney refers many clients to you for psychological evaluations. Your close friend has
retained this attorney, who refers your friend to you for a critical psychological evaluation. The
attorney tells your friend that you are the “best,” and the “best” is needed in this case. You are
strongly encouraged by both the attorney and your friend to do the evaluation.
2. You have a client who has adjusted to a hectic schedule to be able to attend therapy sessions.
You cancel a session to attend a funeral for a family member. The client becomes irate and
demands to be told why you cancelled.
3. The partner of a client you have been treating for severe depression and suicidal ideation
sends a letter to you. Should you open and read it?
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4. You have worked for several years with a male client who has a history of rejection by
women. He has worked through many issues and finally has a harmonious and loving
relationship. He is very grateful to you and strongly encourages you to attend the wedding.
a. If you decide not to attend, how would you address this with your client?
b. If you decide to attend, how would you address this with your client and at the wedding?
5. A male client has a terminal disease and has decided to stop treatment and all “heroic”
measures. While not mentioning suicide, he has disclosed looking into “options” to alleviate his
suffering.
6. You treated a male client for alcohol use and abuse several years ago. When you and some
friends go to a casino for a weekend, you encounter this person who tells you and your friends
that he has an excellent job at the casino thanks to his work with you. When you check out, you
are told that your room and dining expenses have been “comped.
7. A female client reports sexual abuse by another psychologist. When you encourage her to
report this, she indicates that she wants you to do this, as she does not want to get the other
psychologist in trouble.
8. A fragile female client who believes she has made significant progress would like to enter a
training program to become a mental health professional. The client wants you to write a letter
supporting her entrance into a training program. You must find out if she is sufficiently mentally
healthy to work professionally.
9. You have a private practice that teaches graduate students studying to become mental health
professionals. You are approached by a student in the last class in the program with a request to
begin individual therapy with you.
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10. You have worked with a client who is a fellow professional. You both agree that you have
much in common. The client has made excellent progress and has terminated therapy. What
should you do when, shortly after treatment has terminated, the client calls and suggests that you
purchase season tickets for a series of theatrical performances?
Please note that the directives state the following:
“For each of the scenarios below:
A. Respond by exploring your countertransference issue(s).
B. State what you decide to do.
C. Justify your decision by citing the text, ethics code or other sources you use (remember to
reference all work in APA format).”
This essay assignment focuses on countertransference issues rather than the myriad other issues
in the scenarios.
You need to include a partial list of possibilities of how you would relate to the present or former
client. You need to identify the possible countertransference issues and then indicate how you
would address the countertransference issue.
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Legal and Ethical Analysis
Caleb Smith
University
PSY 850: Ethical and Professional Issue
Dr. Lori Kepford
April 20, 2023
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PSY 850 Case Study Analysis
Individuals from many professions frequently encounter situations at work where they
must make judgment calls regarding matters of legal and ethical significance. When making
decisions at work, it is always vital to consider ethical and legal considerations. One prominent
industry with specific legal and ethical standards that need to be followed is the mental health
profession. Because they operate in this industry, psychologists must see that moral and legal
standards are upheld. Any mental health professional must abide by the ethical standards
established by the American Psychological Association. They support maintaining mental health
professionals’ objectivity, competence, and effectiveness. This paper aims to make arguments
about situations where psychologists must use ethical and legal codes to guide them in making
decisions in their work.
Personal Conflict of Interest
It might be difficult for a psychologist to handle a client who is their friend and has been
referred to them by an attorney who refers clients to the psychologist for psychological
evaluation. As a psychologist, one will struggle with countertransference concerns, the biggest
challenge in this situation. For example, in this circumstance, the psychologist has a professional
connection with the referral lawyer and a close friendship with the client. Given his relationships
with the two parties he works with, the psychologist may find it challenging to decide which side
to take in this scenario (Sinclair, 2020). The psychologist must be careful not to let past
interactions with the client, lawyer, or other personal experiences shape how he approaches the
current case. As a result, the psychologist must adhere strictly to his professional standards,
which are always crucial in the workplace. The psychologist must ensure that what he does in
this situation does not interfere with their job’s ethics and professional standards.
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In this circumstance, psychologists should determine whether they can handle the issue
without triggering potential conflicts of interest or ethical dilemmas. Avoiding potential conflicts
of interest or ethical issues at work is crucial. To prevent potential conflicts of interest or ethical
issues, the psychologist, in this case, may refer the client to another mental health expert
(Sinclair, 2020). Dealing with an attorney general with whom they know each other, and a friend
in this situation brings a conflict of interest because of the attorney general’s and the client’s
objectives. Ultimately, in this case, the best course of action would be to recommend the client to
another provider to avoid any potential conflict of interest.
Psychologists are expected to avoid client connections because doing so could
compromise their efficacy, competency, and neutrality as professionals. Maintaining proper
boundaries is crucial since personal contacts or referral sources may impact a psychologist’s
career (American Psychological Association, 2017). The psychologist might get an unnecessary
referral from their referral contracts, which might sabotage their objective. Also, client
information confidentiality is vital. However, it cannot be guaranteed in this circumstance due to
the psychologist’s knowledge of both parties. Psychologists must weigh the benefits and risks of
examining their close friends to make wise choices that emphasize their client’s wellness while
following ethical standards. Close friends may not take the therapy session seriously as they may
assume that one knows them, which might lead to poor conclusions by the psychologist or a false
report to the attorney general. After understanding this, it is important to begin discussing
whether he will handle the client himself or refer him to another qualified psychologist.
Session Cancellation
Most of the time, many people go to tremendous lengths to be able to attend counseling
sessions. Since psychologists are also normal individuals with other responsibilities and
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emotions associated with specific persons or things, especially in this circumstance, the
psychologist can experience anxiety or guilt for postponing a session with a patient who has
made a significant effort to attend therapy sessions regularly. The psychologist would not want
to let the client down, knowing they make a great effort to have time for the sessions and cancel
them, and the psychologist may feel guilty. The client will not be upset after they know why the
psychologist canceled the appointment because they also have jobs outside of therapy.
Psychologists may become irritated and defensive when clients ask why the cancellation
occurred when they sacrificed a lot to attend the therapy sessions. It is because the client may
need to push for more information about the cancellation of the session, which would not be wise
to give them.
As a psychologist who handles people’s emotions, one should acknowledge the client’s
annoyance and justify calling off the appointment. Nevertheless, whether to disclose too much
information and end the session should be left to the psychologist. According to many
psychological experts, it would be crucial for the psychologist to express regret to the client for
missing the appointment despite attending a family member’s funeral, which is why the session
was canceled, and apologize (Sinclair, 2020). It would calm the client’s disappointment, leading
to a successful session since the client would understand why the psychologist canceled the
previous session. The psychologist now anticipates that the client will know the reason for the
cancellation and accept the reason and the apology.
In addition, the code of conduct for psychologists specifies that they should respect each
person’s worth and dignity and work to advance their well-being. It is crucial to remember that
psychologists also have personal obligations and lifestyles, so it may occasionally be necessary
to cancel a session (American Psychological Association, 2017). For instance, the psychologists
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in this scenario could not avoid attending a family member’s burial. As a result, psychologists
must explain why a session needs to be canceled without divulging too much information that
would jeopardize their therapeutic connection with the client. The psychologist should explain
the cancellation reason and apologize, but giving too much information might interfere with the
session, so the psychologist should avoid that.
Mailed Patient Communication
Receiving a letter from a client’s partner as a psychologist may set off several
countertransference difficulties that could harm the psychologist and client’s professional
relationship. The client should be aware of the letter; otherwise, they may not trust the
psychologist if they learn about it later. Countertransference difficulties may arise because the
psychologist may have emotions about the client relationship since it might not be good. For
instance, the psychologist, like any other person, might be fascinated by the letter’s content and
insist on learning more about the client’s connection with their partner during therapy sessions,
which could cause the conversation to veer off the topic of the client’s primary concern (Sinclair,
2020). On the other hand, the psychologist could feel defensive or protective of the patient and
wonder if the patient’s partner is attempting to sabotage the therapeutic relationship.
In this case, where the psychologist receives a suicidal letter from the client’s partner, the
client must know the developments regarding their partner’s letter. Hence, without the client’s
permission, the psychologist should not open or read the letter from the client’s partner. During a
therapy session, the psychologist should review the letter with the client and get their consent
before checking its contents. It would be essential to determine if the client would be willing to
bring up their connection with their partner throughout the session. Their relationship with their
partner may be one thing that is stressing them out, and they are afraid to talk about it because of
9
their privacy. The psychologist should respect the client’s wishes by disposing of the letter if they
do not want the contents revealed. Still, they should also determine why by assessing their
relationship comfortableness.
The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and
Code of Conduct addresses the subject of confidentiality in treatment. Unless the law permits,
the code states that psychologists should not divulge sensitive material without individual
representation (American Psychological Association, 2017). The psychologist should only read
the client’s letter from their partner with their consent, as they should know about their partner’s
approach and the letter. In this instance, the psychologist’s primary ethical duty is to uphold
client confidentiality, which entails not reading the client’s partner’s letter without permission.
The psychologist can ensure they are operating ethically and preserving the client’s right to
confidentiality by discussing the letter with the client and getting their consent to read it.
Professional Boundaries
Due to their information about the client and their own life biases, feelings, and
experiences, the psychologist may experience countertransference regarding emotions and
personal reactions to the client. When going to the client’s wedding, the psychologist may have
conflict or uncomfortable countertransference concerns (Gnaulati, 2019). The psychologist can
choose to attend the wedding, but they should have their justifications. For instance, if they fail
to attend, they can justify themselves by saying it interferes with their ethical work ethics
because it deals with their former client, as going to the wedding might bring issues about their
professional relationship.
Suppose the psychologist chooses not to attend the client’s wedding. In that case, they can
openly and respectfully discuss this with the client, understanding their sentiments and outlining
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their boundaries and restrictions (Gnaulati, 2019). The psychologist can thank the client for the
invitation and their advancement while mentioning that going to the wedding might violate their
ethical standards, such as setting professional boundaries set by their work, or lead to a conflict
of interest, which may lead to the question of professional boundaries that exist. The
psychologist can consider other approaches to recognizing the client’s success, such as giving a
gift or a word of congratulations.
If the psychologist chooses to go to the wedding, they can have an honest and ethical
conversation with the client, outlining their goals and restrictions. The honest and ethical
conversation involves the client telling the psychologist about their development since the
therapy sessions and how they worked. It would help monitor the client and offer advice where
necessary. The psychologist can express enthusiasm and support for the client’s joy by
congratulating them while clarifying that they will not conduct therapeutic activities during the
wedding or stray from their professional approach (Gnaulati, 2019). With the client’s partner, the
psychologist can also create clear boundaries, such as avoiding bringing up therapy or other
personal matters during the event and only congratulating them.
The American Psychological Association’s (APA) ethical code outlines that there should
be standards for multiple partnerships and professional limits. When psychologists involve
themselves in situations where countertransference may occur, they must ensure that ethical
standards and professional boundaries are in place. The APA advises psychologists to avoid dual
blocks that can skew their judgment or raise the possibility of client injury. As the border
between personal and professional boundaries is blurred, attending a client’s wedding is a dual
relationship. The APA acknowledges that multiple interactions may be necessary or
advantageous depending on the situation and the psychologist’s discretion (American
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Psychological Association, 2017). The psychologist should prioritize the client’s autonomy and
well-being without asking irrelevant questions while carefully weighing the advantages and
disadvantages of attending the wedding, which is related to countertransference issues and
maintaining professional boundaries. The psychologist needs to take into consideration how the
client will feel about the choice they make.
Patient’s Life Choices
It is usual for a psychologist to experience sadness or anger when clients disclose they
have a terminal illness and choose to discontinue treatment. Investigating and noting any
countertransference concerns that might develop in response to this circumstance is crucial.
Feelings of hopelessness, grief, anger, and worry are possible countertransference reactions that
could manifest as they are human beings and everyone fears death (Andrews et al., 2019). A
psychologist can, for instance, feel powerless to stop the client’s suffering or demise, or they
might get upset at the injustice of the circumstance. Alternatively, a psychologist could
experience guilt if their biases or views contradict the client’s decision to discontinue therapy.
In this situation, the psychologist’s priority is to create a secure and encouraging
environment for clients to express their feelings and worries about their disease and end-of-life
decision-making, which is necessary for therapy sessions. The psychologist should pay close
attention to the client’s concerns while showing compassion and validating their experience
(Andrews et al., 2019). Additionally, the psychologist should provide them with emotional
support and investigate coping mechanisms to lessen their suffering. If the client says they are
considering “options” to end their suffering, the psychologist should investigate this further and
determine whether they are considering suicide. Suppose there is proof of suicide ideation or
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intent. In that case, the psychologist should adhere to the proper process for handling suicidality,
which involves reporting to the relevant authorities and ensuring the client needs assistance.
The ethical standards and principles that guide psychologists in their work are laid out in
the APA Ethics Code. Focus on Beneficence and No Maleficence emphasize advancing the
client’s well-being and preventing harm. According to the Limits of Competence, psychologists
must offer services only within the scope of their expertise and only assist when they have the
requisite education or experience (American Psychological Association, 2017). Ensuring the
psychologist is qualified and experienced enough to offer the client end-of-life counseling is
essential. The client’s well-being must also come first for the psychologist, who must ensure that
the client makes informed decisions free from force or influence, which involves advising them
on what to do and letting them make their decisions.
Potential Personal Gains
Several legal and ethical issues are to be considered in this scenario, for instance, conflict
of interest, confidentiality, and the psychologist’s gain from this scenario. Firstly, the client’s
behavior may raise a conflict of interest since he has provided the psychologist with a direct
financial benefit. The American Psychological Association’s (APA) code of ethics prohibits any
form of bribery or gain from the client to the psychologist (Andrews et al., 2019). In this case,
the psychologist will gain money from his former client. Furthermore, it could be regarded as a
breach of the psychologist’s duty of loyalty to the client since they should not benefit from them.
Second, there is the issue of confidentiality. The client has revealed personal information
to the psychologist, and the psychologist is responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of that
information (Andrews et al., 2019). The APA’s code of ethics states, “Psychologists have a
primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained
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through or stored in any medium, recognizing that the extent and limits of confidentiality may be
regulated by law or established by institutional rules or professional or scientific relationships”
(American Psychological Association, 2017). In this case, they are in a public place with friends,
so the psychologist should ensure the client’s info is not disclosed to those present. The
psychologist should ensure that their friends do not know what he is treating the client about
since it is confidential information.
Thirdly, there is the issue of the psychologist’s gain from the scenario. Per the APA’s
code of ethics, psychologists must resist exploitative behaviors that place the psychologist’s
financial or personal interests ahead of the client’s or another individual’s. Benefiting from the
client in any way would lead to violating the APA code of ethics, for which relevant authorities
should punish the psychologist. Given this scenario’s legal and ethical ramifications, the
psychologist’s most appropriate course of action is to reject the financial benefit and notify the
client that such activity is inappropriate and a breach of the psychologist’s ethical obligations
(American Psychological Association, 2017). Furthermore, psychologists should record the talk
in their notes to ensure their conduct is consistent with the APA’s code of ethics.
Exploitative Relationships
In this case, the most likely moral issue is a breach of confidentiality between the
psychologist and the client. Ethical and legal issues need to be addressed in this scenario. The
APA code of ethics provides that psychologists have a role in ensuring client confidentiality, and
psychologists must notify fellow psychologists who may be engaging in unethical behavior
(Lund et al., 2020). When a client makes legitimate abuse charges, a psychologist has an ethical
obligation to report such abuse to the necessary authorities. As seen in this scenario, the
psychologist should report the abuse without saying their name or protecting their identity. It
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could result in a breach of confidentiality. The psychologist needs to report any abuse of clients
by another psychologist as per APA guidelines.
Another issue that arises in this scenario is a conflict of interest. According to the APA
code of ethics, psychologists must maintain professional relationships with their clients and not
engage in dual relationships. The relationship between a psychologist and a client must always
be professional (Lund et al., 2020). Any further move beyond that is a violation of the APA
code. However, the psychologist must ensure that the issue is reported to the relevant authorities,
which is a requirement per APA guidelines. In this scenario, a conflict of interest could arise
because the psychologists may know each other, and the psychologist must report abuse
allegedly committed by a different psychologist.
Psychologists might refer to the APA’s Ethics Code for guidelines when faced with
ethically challenging circumstances. In this case, the client wants to avoid the matter being
reported, but the requirements call for the issue to be reported, and the psychologist knows the
psychologist involved, which gives them an ethical dilemma. Psychologists must “take
reasonable precautions to prevent injuring their clients/patients, students, supervisees, research
subjects, organizational clients, and others with whom they work,” according to the APA Ethical
Code (American Psychological Association, 2017). In this case, it could be essential to disclose
the abuse to protect the client’s safety and well-being. The psychologist must, nevertheless, have
the patient’s informed consent and take precautions to limit any possible harm to the patient. The
APA Ethics Code binds psychologists to respect client confidentiality unless otherwise
compelled by law or if doing so would endanger the client. If the psychologist decides to report
the abuse, they must adhere to legal and ethical reporting standards and client privacy standards
to ensure the client’s identity is protected as they wish.
15
Letter of Recommendation
There is a complex ethical dilemma in this scenario. The situation is difficult because the
client has subjected the mental health professional to two opinions. Either way, the mental health
professional must adhere to professional and ethical codes of conduct (Featherston et al., 2020).
A female client who claims to have made considerable progress has expressed a desire to enroll
in a program that will see her become a mental health professional who needs an examination to
ensure she qualifies. However, the mental health professional is still determining whether their
client’s mental health is fit for them to enroll in the program and work as a mental health
professional.
Careful consideration of the APA code of conduct for psychologists is required in this
case. First, the mental health professional must assess their qualifications and determine whether
they can adequately evaluate the client’s mental health because the psychologist should not give
a false report about the client. If the mental health professional is not qualified, as per the
instruction of her mental program to conduct the assessment, they are ethically bound to refer the
client to a suitably qualified professional for evaluation (Featherston et al., 2020). Suppose the
mental health professional is qualified to perform the review. In that case, they should evaluate
the client’s mental health based on their requirements to practice as a mental health professional.
Suppose the client needs to meet the criteria. In that case, the mental health professional
is ethically compelled not to write a letter of recommendation stating the client’s condition and, if
possible, the solution. In addition, the mental health professional should explain their decision to
the client and recommend any future services or therapies that may be useful (American
Psychological Association, 2017). If the client fits the criteria, the mental health professional is
ethically required to write the recommendation letter. Nonetheless, the mental health
16
professional should still take the time to explain their decision to the client and ensure that the
client is aware of the related risks and obligations to them when they do not meet the
qualifications. The mental health professionals, ethical responsibility is to ensure that they do not
lie in the report but give only valid information.
Multiple Relationships
While working with clients with whom one has had any relationship, countertransference
concerns can arise during therapy. Due to the power dynamics in the relationship, there is no
balance between the teacher and student, and a psychologist may suffer countertransference
concerns toward a student in this scenario where one of the students asks for individual therapy
(Baranov et al., 2020). Furthermore, the relationship may give rise to emotional resentment about
what the student is going through as the psychologist knows the student, leading to emotions of
pitying them despite seeing them in class. Any psychologist managing their students would find
this to be a huge issue. Psychologists must avoid situations like this to prevent
countertransference problems that could arise and impair the efficacy or goal of treatment
sessions because it might lead to losing the objectivity of the therapy sessions.
The student’s desire for the psychologist to start individual therapy with them after the
final class should be rejected by the psychologist. The student is not permitted to attend therapy
sessions with the psychologist. At the same time, she is a graduate student being taught by them
because doing so could raise questions about possible dual connections since they know each
other (Baranov et al., 2020). If the psychologist decides to decline the request and refer the
student to another qualified psychologist, they must carefully examine any ethical or legal
consequences, such as countertransference issues. The psychologist may also seek advice from
other experts to ensure moral decision-making and effective countertransference management.
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Psychologists must follow APA criteria when handling dual relationships and conflicts of
interest where the two know each other. The ethics code advises psychologists to avoid
developing multiple relationships because doing so could erode their neutrality, efficacy, and
competency in fulfilling their psychologist obligations (American Psychological Association,
2017; Fisher, 2022). Likewise, psychologists should avoid circumstances where they might take
advantage of their students or supervisors for personal, professional, or academic gain. Hence,
the psychologist must recommend a different licensed psychologist to the student.
An Ethical Invitation
An invitation from the psychologist is flattering since the former professional knows a
psychologist’s ethical obligations regarding appropriate professional limits. Accepting the
invitation would compromise the psychologist’s ethical standards and cross professional
boundaries because the client would promote other events instead of focusing on their clients.
Therefore, they can maintain professional boundaries by refusing to buy the tickets (Baranov et
al., 2019). Also, the psychologist may feel responsible and guilty for agreeing to the former
colleague’s request since they have an excellent therapeutic connection and want to keep it that
way. To maintain professional boundaries, the psychologist should turn down the invitation from
his former coworker.
One should gently decline the invitation by telling them they are honored to receive it.
Still, they have other engagements as psychologists and explain that accepting it would go
against upheld professional limits. Generally, this should be simple because the previous
professional is aware of professional boundaries, and the psychologist can remind them if
necessary (Baranov et al., 2019). The therapeutic relationship and social interactions with clients
should always be kept separate by psychologists. The ex-psychologist, in this case, ought to
18
comprehend the need for the psychologist to uphold the ethically required professional
boundaries. In general, declining the offer would help their already-existing connection. Thus,
the psychologist should not be scared to fall gently. According to the APA, psychologists should
avoid dual partnerships that can taint their professional judgment or abuse a client’s confidence
(American Psychological Association, 2017). Outside of therapeutic interactions, dual
connections might be commercial, financial, or social.
In this case, accepting the invitation for season tickets would result in a double link,
undermining the psychologist’s objectivity and impartiality. Also, since the psychologist would
have to go every season, which can conflict with their work schedule, season tickets would
unquestionably impair the effectiveness of his work as per APA guidelines because they might
interfere with therapy sessions for their clients because of the limited time (Baranov et al., 2019).
Keeping professional boundaries and avoiding having parallel relationships with clients are
ethical principles, and the psychologist’s choice to turn down the invitation follows these
guidelines.
Conclusion
This in-depth analysis identifies scenarios where psychologists must adhere to the ethical
and legal standards established to direct their profession when making decisions. The
significance of the American Psychological Association’s established moral and legal rules has
been highlighted by various circumstances. As demonstrated in several situations, when making
decisions in therapeutic work, it is always vital to consider ethical and legal considerations.
Additionally, these scenarios help us know more about areas where people may face similar
challenges in their work or other situations. Also, psychologists should avoid problems that
might lead to multiple relationships and not let their emotions dictate how they treat their clients.
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The APA’s ethical and legal standards need consideration before making any decisions,
especially for psychologists.
It can see how psychologists must abide by moral and legal rules in the cases mentioned
earlier. For instance, treating a client friend referred by the attorney general, who sends patients
to the psychologist, creates conflicts of interest. Thus, the client is directed to another appropriate
psychologist. In response to question two, psychologists have responsibilities outside of their
employment, but these should allow them to care for their patients. Confidentiality is always
vital, but according to APA standards, a letter from a client’s spouse can only be read with that
partner’s permission (American Psychological Association, 2017). To maintain confidentiality,
the psychologist should ensure that his acquaintances are unaware of the client’s issue if they
encounter a former patient while out with friends. Even if the psychologist knows who
committed the sexual assault, disclosing it to the appropriate authorities is vital. Likewise,
suppose a former client or coworker invites a psychologist to attend their event. In that case, the
psychologist can decline because of potential conflict or uncomfortable countertransference. In
essence, the examples mentioned earlier aid in recognizing the circumstances in which
psychologists must consider moral and legal considerations while making decisions.
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References
American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of
conduct. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
Andrews, E. E., Forber-Pratt, A. J., Mona, L. R., Lund, E. M., Pilarski, C. R., & Balter, R.
(2019). #SaytheWord: A disability culture commentary on the erasure of “disability”..
Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000258
Baranov, V., Haushofer, J., & Jang, C. (2019). Can positive psychology improve psychological
well-being and economic decision-making? Experimental evidence from Kenya.
Economic Development and Cultural Change. https://doi.org/10.1086/702860
Featherston, R., Downie, L. E., Vogel, A. P., & Galvin, K. L. (2020). Decision making biases in
the allied health professions: A systematic scoping review. PLOS ONE, 15(10),
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Fisher, C. B. (2022). Decoding the ethics code. SAGE Publications.
Gnaulati, E. (2019). Potential ethical pitfalls and dilemmas in promoting and use of american
psychological association-recommended treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Psychotherapy, 56(3), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000235
Lund, E. M., Forber-Pratt, A. J., Wilson, C., & Mona, L. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic,
stress, and trauma in the disability community: A call to action. Rehabilitation
Psychology, 65(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000368
Sinclair, C. (2020). Developing and revising the Canadian code of ethics for psychologists: Key
differences from the american psychological association code. Ethics & Behavior, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2019.1711094
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