Weekly topic on: Gender & Sexuality
Reading:
DeLamater, J & Friedrich, WN. “Human Sexual Development.” The Journal of Sex Research. Vol 39, No. 1, Feb 2002: pp.10-14.
Liaw KR & Janssen, A. “Not by Convention: Working with People on the Sexual and Gender Continuum” in The Massachusetts General Hospital Textbook on Diversity and Cultural Sensitivity (pages 84-104)
Films (Pick one):
The Half of It (d. Alice Wu, 2020, USA)
Real Women Have Curves (d. Patricia Cardoso 2002, USA)
To get full creditfor WEEKLY response papers, follow these rules:
- 1-page ( no more or less)
- Single-spaced
- 12 pt font Times New Roman
- ONLY .docx or .pdf file (NOT GOOGLE DOCS OR PAGES PLEASE)
For each reflection, draw 3 connections between the assigned film for the week and lecture material/class discussion/assigned readings. If there is more than one film offered, you may pick the one you prefer. Your assignment should be one full page, no more and no less, completely single spaced (not 1.15, 1.5 or 2.0) without large breaks in between paragraphs, standard 1″ margins, Times New Roman 12 pt font, and uploaded as either a word document (preferred) or as a PDF
Try to also make some connections between the Film and the lecture PPT. If you are using the knowledge on PPT I attached, please cite for ex: (PPT, Page3)
,F_V
fluman Sexual Development
John DeLamater
Jnivers it’ o Wiscon.sin
William N. Friedrich
Mayo Clinic
Emipirical ‘-esecarc-hby scholarsftrom several disciplines provides tie bas’. ftb a; outline o~f tihe process of’sexat dlevelapmnent. Ti e process ojfacthieving s’exeal/ ncaturitv be ginis at conception and ends at cit cit it is i/ffluen ced by biologica/ iat
urationl/cging, by, progre.ssion throu/gh ithe socac’lv definedc sviagcs’fatchild/hood, adole’cene, aduithooad, a; d laiter lifr, aid
by ti e person reltatiansihips witl1 other, includingfiamdvy me niberis initonate partiners andfiriends T-i eseJfores ‘1ape tihe
persoans gender an.d sexucai ite,;tties’, sexua
cficttute s anid serual behaivior At/itti display their sexualitv in c vari’etyv ofJ
lifr styles, witli h’eteros’exualtinerriagebeinig tlhe maost commiion Thils dliver/sitv canttribettes5 to the vitaii y qt’society’. AltIoua
cthan,ges in sexuaclijnctionin in later life? are? comnmon, sexuatli intercsr and ceitrse mnay eontiinue muntil cdeathi
Bluman beings are sexu at beings throuighouit their entire
lives. At ce tain points in life, sexua lity miay manifest itself
“ndifferentways. Eath lif s’tage brings with it pressures for
change and sexual developmient milestones to be achieved if
sexual health is to be attainied or maintained. The ‘tages of
sexual. development are ahuman develop itental1 pro’e:ss
inv’olving biological and behavioral co! slponents.
CHILDHOOD (BlIRTt To 7 YEARS)
The capacityr for a sexual1 respons’e is present from birth.
Male infant:, for examtple, get erections, and vagxiia labri
cation ha s be”en found in female iinfants in the 24 hour: at-er
birth (Mas’ters, John:on, & Kolodny, 1982). Infants hav
been observedI fondling their genit’als. The rhythmic ma’ ipulation a::ociated withi adult masturba tion appears at ags
2 1/2 to 3 (Mai-tmnoon, 1994). This is a natural for ii of sexual expression (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Hous’to i, &
Shafrix , 19)8). Children engage in’a variety of sexual play
experience: while very young- this play be’omets in ‘reasingly cov’ert as the child ‘ages (age: 6 to 9) aiii becones
awawe of cultural norms (Reynolds’, Herbenic”k. & Ba ncroft,
in press). Infants and young children hav oiany other:sesual experien’e’, includift suc”king on their fingers and
toes, and being rocked and cuddled. These experiences it’a/
establish preferenc~es for cerlain kinds of stimrulation that
persist throughout lif-e.
The quality of relationship: with parents is ai:o very
important to the child’s capacity for se’xualI and emotiuonal
relationships later in lif’e. Typically’, an attacth;i
iit or bond
forms between the infant and parent(s) (Bowibyr, 1965). It
is fac’ilitated by positive physical contact. [ftI’ this
atchment is stable, sec’ure, and sa tisfying, positive emnotiomat
attachments in adulthood are more likely (Goldberg, Muir,
& Kerr, 19)5).
“‘
Address corresponidenice to John DeLainaterl, Ph.D., Departmniit of
Sociology, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, M adison, WI
53706; e-mnail: de1assate 0ssc.wisc.edu.
Thte Jot runt of Sex Resetarch
Volunme 39, Number 1, Februaryi
0 12: pp. 10=14
Bar’ly childhoodI is also th-e period during which each
child form: a endi r identity. a sense of nmalenes: or
femalnI ess. Tb’: identity is typic’ally tormed by’age 3. The
child is simultaneously bein’g socialized acc’ording to the
gender-ro’le ‘iorms of the societvy, lear iing how males and
’em’ales ar’e expec’ted to behav’e (Bussey & Bandura, 1999).
Be’tween the acges of’3 and 7, there i: a onarked increase in
sextal
‘interest and activity. Children fonrm a con’ept of marri ag or long-term relations’hips; they’practice adult roles as
they “play house.” Tbey ‘also learn th-at there are genital differen ‘es between mialte: and fer xales (Gol ian & Goldman
1982), and thow interest in the genitals of other children and
adults as paul of their natuiral curiosity about the world.
Children may’engag~e in bete’rosexual1 play, inc’lading “playing doc’tor.” There is little imnpact of childhood sex play on
sexual adjustment at ages 17 and 18 (Okami,. Olmstead, &
Abra mson, 1997). It re:ponse to suc± play, some parents
teacb childter ‘not to touch the bo’dies of oithers, and restrict
eonver’sation ’bout sex. A: ‘a res’ult, children turn to ttIeir
peers for information about sex (Martin:son, 1994).
PREADLIOLESCEN CE (8 TO 12 YVARS)
in this periodI, children hve’ a social org’aniizatio n th-at is
ho mo:ocia!: that i:, the social d’vision of males and
fermales into sepa rate ‘o-rops (Thomne, 1993). One resu lt of
this is that sexual exploration and learnit g at this stage is
likely’to intvoilve persons of the same- genider.
Durnng this period, more children gamn experience with
rna:turbation. Abo’ut 40% of the wo t en and 38 o of the
mieni ‘it a ‘ample of college student: rec’all masturbatinig
bel-ore pa bert’ (Bancr’oft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, in
press). iAdolesc’ents report that their first experience of sexual attrac’tion occurred at age 10 to 12 (Banicroft et al., in
press; Ro)sario et a., 1996), with first experience of sexual
fantasies occurring sev’eral months to 1 year later.
Group dating and heterosexual pa rties emerge at the end
of bhis period. These experiences begin the process of
dev’eloping the capacity’to su’tain initimate relationships.
M
DeLamater and Friedrikh
ADOLESCENCE (13 TO 19 YEARS)
Biological Development
The biological changes associated with puberty, the time
during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation
of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex charac-
teristics (Tanner, 1967), lead to a surge of sexual interest.
These changes begin as early as 10 years of age to as late
as 14 years of age, and include rises in levels of sex hormones, which may produce sexual attraction and fantasies.
Bodily changes include physical growth, growth in genitals and girls’ breasts, and development of facial and pubic
hair. These changes signal to the youth and to others that
she or he is becoming sexually mature.
Whereas biological
changes, especially
increases in
testosterone levels, create the possibility of adult sexual
interactions, social factors interact with them, either facilitating or inhibiting sexual expression (Udry, 1988).
Permissive attitudes regarding sexual behavior and father
absence for girls are associated with increased masturbation
and heterosexual intercourse, whereas church attendance
and long-ranige educational and career plans are associated
with lower levels of sexual activity. Many males begin masturbating between ages 13 and 15, whereas the onset among
females is more gradual (Bancroft et aL, in press).
Sexual Behavior
Toward the middle and end of adolescence, more young
people engage in heterosexual intercourse. In 1999, 48%
of females and 52% of males in grades 9 to 12 reported
engaging in intercourse (CDC. 2000). Women today are
engaging in intercourse for the first time at younger ages,
compared with young women 30 years ago (Trussell &
Vaughn, 1991). Patterns of premarital intercourse vary by
ethnic group. African Americans have sex for the first
time, on average, at 15.5 years; Cuban Amenrcans and
Puerto Ricans at 16.6 years, and Mexican Americans and
Whites at 17 years; in each group, men begin having inter-
course at younger ages than women (Day, 1992). These
variations reflect differences between these groups in family structure (intact family), church attendance, and
socioeconomic opportunities (parents’ education, neighborhood employment rates).
These rates of premarital heterosexual intercourse are
connected to two long-term trends. First, the age of menarche has been falling steadily since the beginning of the
twentieth century. The average age today is 12.5 years for
Blacks and 12.7 years for Whites (Hofferth, 1990).
Second, the age of first marriage has been rising-in 1960,
first marriages occurred at age 20.8 for women and 22.8
for men; in 1998, it was 25 for women and 26.7 for men
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1999). The effect is a substantial lengthening of the time between biological readiness and marTiage; the gap is typically 12 to 14 years
today. Thus, many more young people are having sex
before they get married than in 1960. Since many do not
consistently use birth control, there was a corresponding
rise in the rate of pregnancy among single adolescents
from the 1970s to 1991; however, from 1991 to 1997 the
rate of teen pregnancy declined 18%. This decline reflects
increased attention in society to the importance of pregnancy prevention, increased access for teens to birth control, and increased economic opportunities for teenagers
(Ventura, Mosher, Curtin, Abma, & Henshaw, 1998).
Between 5% and 10% of adolescent males report having sexual experiences with someone of the same gender,
compared with 6% of adolescent females (Bancroft et al.,
in press; Turner et al., 1998 ). These adolescents usually
report that their first experience was with another adolescent. In some cases the person has only one or a few such
experiences, partly out of curiosity, and the behavior is discontinued.
Developmental Tasks
Several psychosocial developmental tasks face adolescents. One is resolving the conflict between identity and
role confusion, developing a stable sense of who one is in
the midst of conflicting social influences (Erikson, 1968).
Gender identity is a very important aspect of identity; in
later adolescence, the young person may emerge with a
stable, self-confident sense of manhood or womanhood, or
alternatively, may feel in conflict about gender roles. A
sexual identity also emerges-a sense that one is heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual, and a sense of one’s
attractiveness to others.
Another task of adolescence is learning how to manage
physical and emotional intimacy in relationships with others (Collins & Sroufe, 1999). Youth ages 10 to 15 most frequently name the mass media, including movies, TV, magazines, and music, as their source of information about sex
and intimacy. Smaller percentages name parents, peers,
sexuality education programs, and professionals as sources
(Kaiser Family Foundation, 1997).
ADULTHOOD
The process of achieving sexual maturity continues in
adulthood. One task in this life stage is learning to communicate effectively with partners in intimate relationships; this is difficult for many persons, in part because
there are few role models in our society showing us how to
engage in direct, honest communication in such relationshipS. A second task is developing the ability to make
informed decisions about reproduction and prevention of
sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection.
Sexual Lifestyle Options
Adults have several options with regard to sexual lifestyle.
Some plan to remain single. They may remain celibate, participate in one long-term monogamous relationship, participate in sexual relationships with several persons, or engage
in serial monogamy-a series of two or more relationships
involving fidelity to the partner for the duration of each
Sex ial Developmient
relationship. Among single persons, 26 { of the ine and
22% of the woimen repor having, sexual interc ourse two or
more times per week; 22% of the men and 30/) of the
women report not havinig sex in the preceding year
(Laumann, Gagnoii, Michael, & Michaels, 1994). Blactk
men and women are more likely to remain single than~ their
White counterpart; in 1999, 41 0k of Black men mi d 38%
of Black women were never married, compare with 20%
of W-ite men and 16% of White women (U.S. Burenau of
the Census, 2000). In part this reflects choic’e, but it also
reflects the economic position of Blacks in Ameni’an society. It is difficult for many Black men to find ajob th’at provides the wage’ and benefits needed to suppor- a family.
Among Hispanics, 33% of meii and 25% of women are
never married (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000)
Living together is an option chosen by in ‘reasing Dumbers of couples. It is an importa nt step in development not
only b’cause it represents comimitment but because it isa
public decla ration of a sexual relationship. For some couples, cohabite tiow is an alternative to inarriage. In 199),
7% of a11 women were cohabiting (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1999). These relationships tend to be short’liv’ed;
one third Ilast less than 1 year, and only I orut of 10 lasts
years (Bumpass et al., 1991).
Marriage is the most common sexual lifestyle in the
United States. In 1999, 7 3 ‘c of men and 80% of women had
been married at least onc’e; by age 45. )5% of all womnen
have marredI at least once (U.S. BurearL of the Census,
1999). Marriage is the social context in. which sexual
expression is thought to be most legitimate. The average
couple engages in sexua1 intercourse 2 or 3 times per week(Laumann et al., 1994). At the smine time, there is great va Cability in frequency. For exrample, 7/’ of ‘ouples repor-t that
they have not had coitus in t-he preceding year (Smith,
1.994). Sexual. frequenc’y in marriage reflec’ts the joint influenc’e of biologic’al and social factors. There is a decdine in
the frequenicy of intercourse with age (Smith, 1994).
Biological factors include physic’al thanges that ‘ffe ‘t sexual frequency, and chronic illnesses. Social fac tors include
habituation to sex with the partner, anid unhappiniess with the
relationship (Call, Sprec’her, & Schwartz, 1995).
Couples report engaging in a variety of sexual activpities
in addition to vaginal initercourse, inc’luding oral-genital
sexuality (70%/ of married men anid 74% of married
women), anal intercourse (27% and 21%), and hand-genital stimulation. Mrany adults continue to masturbate eve’n
though they are in a long-term relationship; 17 c of married men and 5% of married women masturbate at least
once a week (Laumnann et al., 1994).
Sexual Satisfaction
Satisfac’tion with one’s sexual relationship is an imnportant
component of sexual. health. Whi le many factor’s m-ay ‘ontribute to satisfaction, three that differentiate peoiple who
are hrappy from those who are not are (a) accepting one’s
own sexualitv, (b) listeninig to one’s partner a xd be’ng
aware of the partner’s likes and dislikes, and (c) talking
openly aid ho~nesfly (Ma urer, 1994). In other words, suecessfully com-pleting the develpmental tasks of adolescenc’e and young adulthood are keys to sexual health.
M ost couples will experience fundamental changes in
their sexual. experien’e at least once over the course of the
relationship. The cha nge may result from- developingre’ater understanding of onaeself or partner, changes in
coimmninkation patternis, ac’cidents or illnesses that interfere with one’s sexual. respo)nsiveness. or majcor stressors
associa ted with family or career. Some couples will need
professional1 support to enable them to succ’essfully cope
with these force:. Some relationship: will not :urviv’e.
Extramarital sexual ac’tivity is reported by 25 o of married -nen and j50/ of married women (Laumann et al.,
1994). Ma ny of these persons will only engage in th-is
ac-tivit.y once while they are married. The incidence varies
by ethnicity; 27%/ of Blac’ks report extramarital sexual
activity, compared with 14% of Whites (Smith, 1.994).
fIFspanic havye the same inc’idence as Vhites (Lauimann et
al., 1994). Several reason’ have been suggested for extramaritalI relationships, including diss’atisfaction with marital
sexuaility, dissatisfaction withi or conflicts in~ the marriage,
and placinig greater emphasis on pers onal growth and pleasure than on fidelity (Lawson, 1988).
Persons who lose their partner through divorce or death
have the option of postinaritalsexucal re/ationships. Most
div’orced wome’n, but fewer widows, develop an activ’e sex
life; 28% of divorc’ed wo nien and 81 % of the widowed
reported hemn sexually abstinent in the preceding year
(Smith, 1994). By gender, 46 c of divorc~ed and widowed
men and 58/c of divorc~ed and widow’ed women reported
e igaging in sexual intercourse a few times or not at all in
the prec’eding year (Laumann et al., 1994). There is a higher probability of b eing sexua lly active postmaritally for
those who are uinder 35 and those xvho have no children in
the home (Stack & Gundlach, 1992).
Div’orc’ed personis, especially women, face complex
problems of adju stment. These prolblemns may include
reduced incomne, loxwer perceived standard of living, the
dema nds of single parenthood, and reduced availability of
social support (Amato, 2001). These problems ma y
increase th e motivation to qu ickly reestablish a rel’ationship with a partner.
Some adlults engage in sexual activities that involve risks
to their physical health, suc~h as STIs and HIV infection.
Examples of such activities inc’lude engaging in vaginal or
anal in tercourse without using condoms, engaaing, in sexual ac’tivity with casual pai-tners, and engaging in sex with
mnultiple partners. Since 1985 there his been substantial
publicity abotit thiese risks. Have adults changed tlieir sexual beh-avior to reduce their risk? Between 1981 and 1991,
mien wh have sex with men reported reducing th-e number
of partners, having fewer anonymous encounters, and
engaiging less often in anal intercourse or using condoms
‘onisistently (Ehrhardt, Yingling, & Warne, 1991). Among
heterosexuals, the nunmber of single adults who repor hayiac multiple partners has declined (Smith, 1991), and con-
DeLamater and Friedrich
dom use by men and women at risk has increased (Catania,
Canchola, Binson, Dolcini, & Paul, 2001).
SEXUALITY AN) AGING
Biological Changes
Biology, a major influence in childhood and adolescence,
again becomes a significant influence on sexual health at
midlife.
In women, 7nenopause-the
cessation of menstruation
-is associated with a decline in the production of estrogen; this occurs, on the average, over a 2-year period
beginning around age 50 (it can begin at any age from 40
to 60). The decline in estrogen is associated with several
changes in the sexual organs. The walls of the vagina
become thin and inelastic. Further, the vagina shrinks in
both width and length. These changes may make penile
insertion more difficult, and intercourse uncomfortable.
By 5 years after menopause, the amount of vaginal lubri-
cation often decreases noticeably. Intercourse may become
more difficult and painful. There are a number of ways to
deal with these changes successfully, including estrogenreplacement therapy, supplemental testosterone, and use of
a sterile lubricant.
As they age, men experience andropause (Lamberts,
van den Beld, & van der Lely, 1997) or ADAM – androgen
decline in the aging male (Morales, Heaton, & Carson,
2000), a gradual decline in the production of testosterone;
this may begin as early as age 40. Erections occur more
slowly. The refractory period, the period following orgasm
during which the person cannot be sexually aroused,
lengthens. These changes may be experienced as problems; on the other hand, they may be experienced as
allowing the man greater control over orgasm.
These biological changes in women and men do not
preclude satisfying sexual activity. Among older people
who are healthy and active and have regular opportunities
for sexual expression, sexual activity in all formsincluding masturbation and same-gender behavior-con-
ly active than the biological changes they experience.
SUMMARY
Human sexual development is a process that begins at conception and ends at death. The principal forces are biological maturation/aging; progression through the socially
defined stages of childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and
later life; and one’s social relationships during each of
these stages. These forces interact to influence the person’s
sexual identity, sexual attitudes, and sexual behavior.
While similarities can be identified in the lives and sexual
expression of many people, there is wide variation in sexual attitu des, behaviors, and lifestyles. This diversity contributes to the vitality of society.
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COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
TITLE: Human Sexual Development
SOURCE: The Journal of Sex Research 39 no1 F 2002
WN: 0203202154004
The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it
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Copyright 1982-2002 The H.W. Wilson Company.
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