1Differences between NGOs and Government-Sponsored Programs as it Pertains to Global
Public Health in the United Kingdom
Name
Department: Institution
Course code: Course name
Professor
Date
2
Differences between NGOs and Government-Sponsored Programs as it Pertains to Global
Public Health in the United Kingdom
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Government-Sponsored Programs play
essential roles in addressing the diverse challenges facing people in the realm of global public
health. This paper investigates the underlying distinctions between NGOs and governmentsponsored programs by examining their approaches to tackling public health issues in the United
Kingdom. Based on data derived from an interview with a specialist that worked in an NGO, the
paper seeks to analyze structures, funding sources, and methodologies used in NGOs and
government-sponsored health programs. Courtesy of these data, the paper provides valuable
insights into the distinctions and dynamics of public health initiatives. In essence, understanding
the underlying differences between NGOs and government-sponsored programs is vital in
enhancing coordination, efficiency, and impact of global healthcare organizations and, thus,
contributing to advancing global public health goals in the UK and beyond.
Differences and Examples
There exist numerous differences between public health NGOs and governmentsponsored health programs. Most of these differences are based on their structures, funding
sources, and levels of independence. First, public health NGOs operate on a non-profit basis and
are independent of government control. NGOs often rely on donations, grants, and philanthropic
support for financing initiatives. Some examples of public health NGOs in the UK include
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières) and the British Red Cross. The two
organizations operate globally to address health disparities in public health. On the other hand,
government-sponsored organizations are funded by the government and are responsible for
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managing public health initiatives within specific jurisdictions. A perfect example of a
government-sponsored organization in the UK is Public Health England. During the practicum, I
interviewed a healthcare official that ever worked for the British Red Cross. The British Red
Cross was founded in 1870 as an independent humanitarian organization that aimed at providing
emergency response and healthcare services for target populations (Baughan, 2020). According
to the interviewee, the British Red Cross gets donations from individuals, corporations, and the
government. Based on the 2019 annual report, the NGO raised £244.9 million, an increase from
2018’s £243.3 million. £197.5 million of the money raised was explicitly designated for the
organization’s charitable activities. These expenditures included crisis response (10%), first-aid
and crisis education (10%), refugee support and migration (12%), home and hospital support
(30%), and international programs (38%). According to the report, the organization assisted over
643 homes affected by heavy floods in South Yorkshire. Apart from the UK, the British Red
Cross operates in several other countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe by providing humanitarian
and public health services to needy communities. Enthusiastic stakeholders may join the NGO
through volunteering, donations, and seeking employment opportunities.
Advantages of NGOs over Government-Sponsored Programs
Contemporary public health NGOs enjoy distinct advantages over government-sponsored
programs. First, NGOs may seek donations from a broader range of sources. Since NGOs may
seek finances from private donors, corporations, and international organizations, they
comparatively provide greater flexibility than government-sponsored programs, which rely on
single sources of income (Heyes & Martin, 2015). Secondly, NGOs have agile and nimble
structures as compared to the government. The nature of structures in NGOs allows for quicker
decision-making, thus enabling rapid and time-conscious responses to emerging crises. Thirdly,
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many NGOs have lower administrative overheads than government-sponsored programs, thus
ensuring that more donations reach and directly benefit the target population (Chaudhry, 2022).
Lastly, the application for assistance is more straightforward and more accessible in NGOs than
government-sponsored programs. It is easier for affected individuals to request aid from NGOs,
making them valuable partners in tackling global health challenges.
Challenges faced by public health NGOs as compared to Government-Sponsored Programs
Despite the advantages mentioned above, public health NGOs face several challenges
compared to government-sponsored programs. First, NGOs rely on donations from many
stakeholders, making their financial stability less predictable (Alemi et al., 2020). The absence of
government backing as it is in government-sponsored programs may limit the availability of
resources and capacity to implement large-scale initiatives in NGOs. Furthermore, NGOs may
also lack effective leadership to enforce regulations or implement policies, thus hindering their
ability to tackle public health issues effectively.
Analysis of Data Available
The 2019 annual review was based on data collected from the activities of the British Red
Cross in recent past years. Although the organization was formed more than 150 years ago, the
review mainly focused on analyzing data that captured recent developments, including
information pertaining to the novel COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. For instance, the review
affirms that by July 2020, the NGO had performed over 180,000 acts of kindness to prospective
residents who needed food, medicine, hospital transport, emotional support, and welfare checks
in the United Kingdom. The organization is powered by over 17,000 volunteers and almost 4,000
employed staff. As part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement network, the
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British Red Cross operates in almost 192 countries worldwide. Courtesy of its global network,
the organization is in a position to offer coordinated and exceptional responses to humanitarian
needs and emergencies worldwide. In 2019, for instance, the NGO helped 8,600 individuals with
first-aid services and 40,500 people with refugee services. The review also affirmed that the
NGO’s crisis management education reached 121,800 children and 38,600 adults. In case I would
need assistance from the British Red Cross, I would start by signing into their website and
contacting the local office. After reaching the NGO’s support staff, I would provide the relevant
details about my issue and the specific nature of assistance I need. The NGO would engage its
available resources, helplines, and support channels.
Reflection
The interview with the former staff of the British Red Cross reinforced my expectations
that all healthcare organizations target improving the public health outcomes of the general
public. The interviewee stressed that during his tenure at the organization, he was tasked to
ascertain that the general public was prevented and free from healthcare risks in the underlying
environment. However, I was surprised by the extent of NGOs’ impact and efficiency in
delivering positive public health outcomes, despite their relatively smaller scale and resources
compared to government-sponsored programs. The interviewee further revealed that British Red
Cross often demonstrated agility and was in a position to rapidly respond to emergencies
affecting underserved communities. Additionally, I was surprised that NGOs usually focus on
specific issues or regions. This allows these organizations to provide specialized and targeted
assistance to target populations compared to government-sponsored public health programs. The
experience at the practicum has significantly influenced my prospects as a public health
professional. The insights from my interviewee instigated my ambition to establish public health
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NGOs to deliver specialized care to impoverished and underserved communities. Previously, I
only saw myself as an employee in for-profit or government healthcare organizations. However,
after realizing the tremendous benefits of NGOs, I am willing to partner with other enthusiastic
social entrepreneurs to establish a not-for-profit NGO to serve underserved populations within
the UK.
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References
Alemi, Q., Stempel, C., Siddiq, H., & Kim, E. (2020). Refugees and COVID-19: achieving a
comprehensive public health response. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(8),
510. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.271080
Annual Reports and Accounts. (2019). British Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.uk/aboutus/how-we-are-run/our-finances/annual-reports-and-accounts
Baughan, E. (2020). Rehabilitating an empire: humanitarian collusion with the colonial state
during the Kenyan emergency, ca. 1954–1960. Journal of British Studies, 59(1), 57-79.
https://doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.243
Chaudhry, S. (2022). The assault on civil society: Explaining state crackdown on
NGOs. International Organization, 76(3), 549-590.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000473
Heyes, A., & Martin, S. (2015). NGO mission design. Journal of Economic Behavior &
Organization, 119, 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.08.007
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1
Responding to Emergencies in the United Kingdom: Evidence-Based Analysis
Name
Department: Institution
Course code: Course name
Professor
Date
2
Responding to Emergencies in the United Kingdom: Evidence-Based Analysis
Description of the Problem
Since 1900, the number of emergency events worldwide is estimated at 8969
(Gapminder). The online source reveals that these emergencies are attributed to earthquakes,
epidemics, droughts, floods, landslides, mass movements, storms, volcanic activities, wildfires,
insect infestations, and animal disasters. Over the last century, the number of deaths related to
emergencies has reduced by 75%. Based on the data from Gapminder, the average number of
people that succumbed to emergencies per year within the 2007 to 2016 decade was 80,386,
which is only 25% of emergency-related mortalities between 1907 and 1916. The Gapminder
data reveals that emergencies are prevalent worldwide as almost all nations have been subjected
to various disasters. However, developing countries are disproportionately affected by
emergencies. For instance, the Bengal famine of 1942 and 1943 led to 2 million and 1.5 million
deaths in Bangladesh and India, respectively. The underlying inequities in responding to
emergencies between developed and developing countries should be attributed to resource,
infrastructure, and governance variations. In often times, developed nations possess better
funding, healthcare systems, and disaster preparedness (Agu et al., 2021). Therefore, developed
nations are better positioned to provide more efficient and comprehensive responses than
resource-constrained developing nations.
Due to their multifaceted impact on individuals, communities, and populations,
emergencies pose wide-ranging implications and are regarded as an international public health
issue in the United Kingdom. Many citizens in the country recognize emergencies in the form of
natural disasters, disease outbreaks, or social disruptions (Henderson et al., 2021). Apart from
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posing negative implications for the country’s citizenry, the public health issue transcends
national borders and affects global health dynamics. This is because many nations in the
contemporary world are interconnected, thus amplifying the effects of emergencies on the global
population, as public health threats can swiftly spread across borders. Therefore, the effective
curbing and containment of emergencies demand international collaboration. Emergencies
function to strain the available healthcare systems, thus endangering exacerbating vulnerabilities
to the UK society and endangering individual lives. When emergencies strike members of the
UK communities, they are subjected to disrupted services, compromised infrastructure, and
heightened psychological distress (Hesketh & Tehrani, 2022). In such unfortunate times, people
from marginalized and underserved communities experience compounded health disparities and
social inequities. Relevant leaders and policymakers should design and implement robust and
coordinated approaches that involve government bodies, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), international bodies, community representatives, and the general public to effectively
address the global public health issue (Maldanado et al., 2020). Recognizing emergencies in the
UK as international health concerns sensitizes citizens to contribute to the global community that
acknowledges the shared responsibility to safeguard individuals, communities, and populations,
fostering a more resilient and interconnected world.
Determinants That Impact the Problem
Inarguably, emergency events disproportionally affect specific populations in the United
Kingdom. The most vulnerable groups in the nation include the elderly, low-income individuals,
immigrants, and those living in marginalized communities in the UK (Gapminder). These
populations are often at higher risk due to limited access to healthcare, social support, and
resources (Cassarino et al., 2019). According to Harkin et al. (2021), the majority of the
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defenceless elderly in the UK often experience age-related health challenges, reduced mobility,
and limited social networks, thus intensifying their susceptibility and vulnerability to
emergencies. On the other hand, low-income individuals face challenges when accessing
healthcare, preventive resources, and secure housing, increasing their public health risks in an
emergency or disaster. UK Immigrants also encounter language barriers, cultural disparities, and
limited familiarity with local principles and protocols, thus impeding their ability to respond
effectively to emergencies. Lastly, individuals in marginalized communities are exposed to
challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and healthcare access. These challenges render them
disproportionately vulnerable compared to most citizens living in cities and high-end regions
within the country. It is essential to enhance emergency preparedness and response strategies to
address unique needs and ensure equitable access to resources, information, and assistance in the
UK.
Social determinants such as income inequality, lack of affordable housing, and limited
access to quality education and healthcare services could be attributed to poorer health outcomes
as they subject specific populations more susceptible to emergencies. For instance, low-income
individuals in the United Kingdom struggle when accessing essential emergency services and
resources, thus impeding their preparedness. Similarly, a lack of affordable housing may force
people to thrive in crowded living conditions, thus hindering physical distancing in emergencies
and disasters (Hamideh & Sen, 2022). Furthermore, the authors affirm that limited and
inadequate education among citizens may result in a low understanding of the available
preventive measures. Similarly, inadequate access to healthcare facilities exacerbates the
negative implications of public health issues.
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Furthermore, the underlying cultural beliefs in society may influence and impact health
behaviours and attitudes towards emergencies (von Humboldt et al., 2020). For instance,
stigmatising certain health conditions may hamper effective and timely interventions in
emergencies such as pandemics and epidemics. Similarly, relying on traditional interventions to
curb emergencies may delay access to modern medical care, thus prolonging recovery times for
the victims of emergencies. Addressing stigma and embracing contemporary healthcare practices
is necessary to promote more inclusive and efficient interventions across diverse cultural
contexts. Therefore, it is vital to design and implement effective emergency responses that
leverage culturally sensitive communication and strategies to bridge modern healthcare practices’
gaps.
Similarly, geographical factors such as urbanization, infrastructure, and environmental
conditions may influence the responses provided to address emergencies (Wilkinson et al.,
2020). Due to the congestion and limited medical facilities in some cities and towns in the UK,
for instance, the urban areas might face challenges in providing rapid healthcare access.
Conversely, people in rural regions may be highly vulnerable to emergencies due to the
hampered access to medical care and emergency services. Access to these services is hampered
due to the underlying infrastructural disparities in remote regions. Furthermore, environmental
conditions such as flooding or extreme weather conditions may exacerbate the adverse impacts
of emergencies. To ascertain effective emergency preparedness among populations in urban and
rural regions, relevant stakeholders should tailor strategies focusing on efficient resource
allocation, robust infrastructure, and climate resilience to ensure comprehensive and timely
responses across diverse geographical settings.
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Socioeconomic status is a critical determinant of how individuals and societies respond to
emergencies. For instance, individuals from low-income backgrounds may lack access to
credible information, preventive measures, and resources for preparedness. Therefore, these
individuals may be more vulnerable to hazardous living conditions and amplify the risks during
emergencies. Relevant stakeholders must design adequate social safety nets and resources to
ensure equitable emergency responses. For instance, the political systems in the United Kingdom
may influence the response capabilities to emergencies. Contemporary policymakers in the
country should consider robust healthcare policies that prioritize the investment in emergencyresponse infrastructure, disaster preparedness planning, and effective coordination mechanisms.
The political commitment to addressing social inequalities would determine the extent to which
emergencies impact different populations in the country.
Strategies and Gaps
Historically, relevant stakeholders in the UK have employed wide-ranging strategies to
address emergencies. Most of these strategies have been shaped by the country’s social,
economic, political, and environmental issues. These strategies include providing emergency
services, investment in healthcare infrastructure, establishing public health initiatives,
emergency-related legislation and regulation, public awareness campaigns, and international
cooperation (World Health Organization, 2022). Some of the emergency services offered include
fire, ambulance, and police response systems. Furthermore, the stakeholders have heavily
invested in healthcare facilities and personnel to enhance their capacity when responding to
disasters. The stakeholders have also established public health initiatives such as disaster
surveillance, vaccination campaigns, and health education to manage underlying outbreaks and
emergencies. Furthermore, UK policymakers have formulated legal frameworks and standards to
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protect, manage, and enhance preparedness and accountability for citizens during emergencies.
Furthermore, contemporary NGOs and government programs seek to enhance the community’s
resilience to emergencies through public education campaigns, first aid workshops and disaster
preparedness seminars. Lastly, the UK government and NGOs collaborate with international
organizations and neighbouring countries to enhance and streamline resource sharing and
expertise exchange, especially during emergencies.
However, the aforementioned strategies have suffered challenges such as socioeconomic
inequities, partisan and political decision-making, fragmented approaches, technological
advancements, and changing demographics (Li et al., 2023). For instance, due to lack of
adequate incomes, vulnerable populations such as the elderly, immigrants, and those from
marginalized communities face obstacles when accessing resources and recovery support.
Furthermore, local politicians in the UK may make political decisions influenced by short-term
goals, thus hindering the long-term preparedness and management of emergencies. Moreover,
relevant agencies for disaster management may be hindered from offering effective responses
due to their reliance on fragmented approaches. Considering that rapid technological changes
have forced UK firms to continuously adapt to strategies, new communication tools, and warning
systems, several communities may fail to be adequately prepared and resilient to emergencies.
Lastly, climate-related emergencies have increased in frequency and intensity, thus challenging
the preparedness and resilience of existing strategies.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the data collected in the study underscores the complex and interconnected
nature of emergencies in the United Kingdom, posing the public health issue as a critical
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international health issue. Through the lens of socioeconomic, political, and cultural influences,
the responses to emergencies require multifaceted approaches. Courtesy of the existing
socioeconomic disparities, the susceptibility of certain populations towards emergencies is
heightened because lower-income communities face hurdles in accessing resources and
healthcare. Furthermore, existing legal and political systems shape the population’s general
preparedness and response capabilities, thus underscoring the significance of solid governance in
safeguarding public health. Cultural beliefs impact behaviours during crises, necessitating
culturally sensitive interventions. In navigating this complex landscape, relevant emergency
stakeholders should focus on international cooperation and rely on data-driven insights. Future
research should continue examining the evolving nature of emergencies, integrating innovative
strategies, and advocating for policies that promote global health security for all.
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References
Agu, C. F., Stewart, J., McFarlane‐Stewart, N., & Rae, T. (2021). COVID‐19 pandemic effects
on nursing education: looking through the lens of a developing country. International
nursing review, 68(2), 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12663
Cassarino, M., Robinson, K., Quinn, R., Naddy, B., O’Regan, A., Ryan, D., … & Galvin, R.
(2019). Impact of early assessment and intervention by teams involving health and social
care professionals in the emergency department: A systematic review. PLoS One, 14(7),
e0220709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220709
Gapminder. (2023). Detailed notes. https://www.gapminder.org/factfulness-book/notes/
Hamideh, S., & Sen, P. (2022). Experiences of vulnerable households in low-attention disasters:
Marshalltown, Iowa (United States) after the EF3 Tornado. Global Environmental
Change, 77, 102595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102595
Harkin, L., Stuart, A., Stevenson, C., Daly, R., Talbot, C. V., Park, M. S. A., … & Price, B.
(2021). Being cut off from social identity resources has shaped loneliness during the
COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal interview study with medically vulnerable older
adults from the United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rhf32
Henderson, R., McInnes, A., Mackey, L., Bruised Head, M., Crowshoe, L., Hann, J., … &
McLane, P. (2021). Opioid use disorder treatment disruptions during the early COVID-19
pandemic and other emergent disasters: a scoping review addressing dual public health
emergencies. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-02111495-0
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Hesketh, I., & Tehrani, N. (2022). Developing resilience interventions for emergency service
responders—a view from the field. Public Money & Management, 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2022.2141876
Li, L., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Yang, X., & Wang, L. (2023). Governing public health emergencies
during the coronavirus disease outbreak: Lessons from four Chinese cities in the first
wave. Urban Studies, 60(9), 1750-1770. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211049350
Maldonado, B. M. N., Collins, J., Blundell, H. J., & Singh, L. (2020). Engaging the vulnerable: a
rapid review of public health communication aimed at migrants during the COVID-19
pandemic in Europe. Journal of migration and health, 1, 100004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100004
Wilkinson, A., Ali, H., Bedford, J., Boonyabancha, S., Connolly, C., Conteh, A., … & Whittaker,
L. (2020). Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for addressing the
COVID-19 pandemic in informal urban settlements. Environment and urbanization,
095624782092284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820922843
World Health Organization. (2022). Health systems resilience toolkit: A WHO global public
health good to support building and strengthening of sustainable health systems resilience
in countries with various contexts.
von Humboldt, S., Mendoza-Ruvalcaba, N. M., Arias-Merino, E. D., Costa, A., Cabras, E., Low,
G., & Leal, I. (2020). Smart technology and the meaning in life of older adults during the
Covid-19 public health emergency period: a cross-cultural qualitative study. International
Review of Psychiatry, 32(7-8), 713-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1810643
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Appendices
Appendix A: Project Proposal on Enhancing Emergency Preparedness and Response in the
UK
Introduction
The project proposal will seek to drive evidence-based improvements in emergency
preparedness and response strategies within the United Kingdom (UK). Considering that the UK
possess a diverse population, social determinants of health play essential roles in influencing
emergency outcomes; the project will address vulnerabilities and promote resilience in the face
of emergencies. The project will provide credible insights to enhance the UK population’s
preparedness and responses to emergencies. The project will target developing comprehensive
educational resources to cater for various demographics and empower communities with the
knowledge to navigate through emergencies. Through the lens of the British Red Cross, a
reputable stakeholder in emergency response, the project will leverage its existing infrastructure,
resources, and outreach capabilities.
Methodology
The study will conduct a thorough needs assessment to identify the most vulnerable and
affected demographic groups for emergencies. The needs assessment will focus on understanding
these vulnerabilities and linking them with social determinants of health, such as low income,
age, and ethnicity. Secondly, the study will develop an evidence-based educational toolkit that
addresses the identified vulnerabilities. The toolkit will incorporate culturally sensitive content,
multi-lingual resources, and tailored guidance for emergencies such as natural disasters and
health outbreaks. The study will also collaborate and engage community leaders, healthcare
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professionals, and academics to contribute to the toolkit. Cooperating with these stakeholders
will ensure accuracy, relevance, and inclusivity. Lastly, the study will regularly assess the impact
of the toolkit through surveys and interviews.
Conclusion
To conclude, this project will aim at creating practical and relevant solutions that would
enhance emergency preparedness and response across the UK. The project will develop a toolkit
that will provide capabilities for fostering a safer and more resilient nation. The project’s
findings will produce credible and reliable insights for relevant stakeholders that seek to manage
and mitigate emergencies in the country.
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Appendix B: Meeting Summary
Presenting the project proposal to the British Red Cross’s chapter meeting was quite
exhilarating. I contend that I felt the combination of confidence and anticipation as I was sharing
the proposal. Considering that I was presenting the proposal to one of the most reputable nongovernment organizations in the UK, I felt like writing and presenting the proposal was a crucial
step towards bridging gaps in emergency preparedness among vulnerable populations in the
country. During the meeting, members of the British Red Cross team showed keen interest and
asked thoughtful questions regarding emergency preparedness and management. The members’
engagement and inquiries showed that they were committed towards effective emergency
responses and improving community resilience. The member’s positive reception could be
attributed to the fact that the proposed project aligned with their organization’s mission, vision
and values.
I would consider integrating interactive elements in my future projects to further engage
the audience and emphasize the practicality of available procedures and toolkits. Furthermore, I
would seek input from reliable secondary sources during the presentation to harness evidencebased insights. These insights might play essential roles in enhancing the proposal’s overall
quality. Courtesy of the practicum experience, I understood the importance of tailored
communication and collaborative approaches when presenting to stakeholders. The experience
also cultivated my confidence and communication skills for future presentations in similar
contexts.
Continuation from Last 2 topic.
Create a 7 to 15-minute video in which you present strategies, programs, or policies related to improving
outcomes for your chosen global health issue and reflect on the experience of advocating to a chosen
audience. Transcript only
In this assessment, you will report on your experience developing strategies, programs, and policies
toward improving outcomes related to your chosen global health issue. Part of the assessment will
require you to present at a meeting of a relevant professional organization or at a meeting with a
relevant government official. Be sure you budget the time to complete this aspect of the assessment.
A variety of national and international documents guides policy development across the globe. In the
United States, Healthy People 2020 provides goals and a vision for “a society in which all people live
long, healthy lives” (HealthyPeople.gov, n.d., “Vision,” para. 1). The United States also has a guiding
document to inform health policy at the international level. In its global health initiative, the United
States outlines health and human services priorities that guide the funding and program development
for more than 80 countries (KFF, 2017). Finally, at the international level, the United Nations’ MDGs
guide the efforts of local governments and external funding sources to meet not only health needs but
also social needs of developing countries (Merson et al., 2012). The SDGs will continue the work of the
MDGs.
Though consensus documents help to inform health policy, funding for programs is imperative if benefits
are to be sustained over time. For this assessment, you will continue that discovery as you learn about
the role global health initiatives have in supporting and formulating public policy in the health sector.
Even if policy and funding are in place, health programs can fail if social and cultural concerns are not
addressed.
References
HealthyPeople.gov. (n.d.). About Healthy People. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/About-HealthyPeople
KFF. (2017). The U.S. government and global health. http://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-us-global-health-initiative/
Assessment Summary
Global population health is everyone’s concern, and nursing leadership has a role in increasing
knowledge and supporting the use of available resources to the fullest. Members of the nursing
profession have a responsibility to advocate for others in need of care. This can be accomplished in many
ways.
Membership in professional organizations such as the Association of Nurse Practitioners (ANP), the
American Nurses Association (ANA), or the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) provides an
opportunity for networking, as well as advocacy. In these interactions, you can share knowledge and
learn about other populations and how to influence policy with a focus on disease management and
health prevention and promotion. Opportunities to develop strategies for improvement within a strong
political group will provide strength for change.
Learning about the needs of countries that have been devastated by natural disasters and further
compromised by disease prompts one to take action. In many cases, preexisting barriers must be
addressed before resources can even be effective. Focusing on your previously identified country, plan
strategies that you feel would address the key issues by priority. Perhaps use the resources available or
plan for future changes to alleviate and modify these issues.
In this assessment, you have a choice between Exercise A or B. Please read each one carefully before
making your choice.
Exercise A. You are requested to attend a meeting of one of the professional organizations within your
community. Each organization usually has chapters that should be active within designated regions. At
this meeting, present your developed strategies and allow time to answer questions and provide
additional information as feedback by the group. If action items are being considered, a committee may
be formed and further work groups developed. A summary of this meeting needs to be written up and
future plans discussed.
Exercise B. Contact the office of your state senator or Congressional representative and schedule an
appointment. These politicians have local offices within your voting district where you should be able to
visit with them. At your meeting, the agenda should include your concerns about global population
health and progress that is being made through policy decisions. To prepare yourself for this meeting,
review what Congress has been working on to improve the health of global populations. As a nurse
leader, be prepared to discuss how to influence change through the strategies you have prepared.& A
summary of this meeting needs to be written up and future plans discussed. Remember, as nurses, we
are involved in lobby days, during which groups of nurses go to the capitol and demonstrate advocacy as
change agents. Nurses can affect the future.
Assessment Instructions
Complete this assessment only after you have had your meeting or presentation based on whether you
chose Exercise A or B above.
After selecting your exercise, make sure you have prepared your strategic plan, policy proposal, and any
presentation or speaking notes you will need for your meeting of choice. You should leverage the work
you have done in the previous assessments related to your chosen global health issue. The research,
interviews, data collection, writing, and project proposal or educational resource that you have already
completed should help to inform and support your preparation for your presentation or meeting.
Remember, the goal of your meeting or presentation is to advocate for specific actions to help improve
the current and future outcomes of your chosen global health issue.
You will make a video in which you discuss, present, and reflect on your experiences related to your
topic, the meeting or presentation, and any outcomes achieved.
One possible way to organize your video is as follows:
Introduction and Background Transcript only
Provide a brief overview of which option you chose, why you chose that option, and some details about
your preparations for your presentation or meeting.
•
Explain the rationale and preparation to present strategies and potential policies related to a
global health issue to a relevant audience.
•
Which option did you choose?
▪
•
Why did you pursue this option?
How did you prepare for the presentation or meeting?
▪
How did you work to ensure that your strategies or policies were culturally
sensitive?
▪
What resources did you use to develop your presentation or speaking points?
▪
What research about your audience did you perform?
▪
How did you tailor your message to your audience?
•
How was your global health issue relevant to the audience you chose?
•
What were your goals for the presentation or meeting?
Condensed Presentation Transcript only
Provide a condensed version of your presentation. Focus on the key information and vital points from
the longer presentation or meeting that you already had. The key is to make the information succinct,
accessible, and compelling. Show you believe in and have passion for your cause. Be genuine. Your
audience will know if you are faking enthusiasm.
•
•
Advocate for sustainable resources and policy development to improve outcomes related to a
chosen global health issue.
•
What is the issue?
•
What are your goals?
•
What are you asking the audience to do or contribute?
•
Why is the issue important (to the audience and the global community as a whole)?
•
Why is your plan or policy an appropriate approach to drive improved outcomes?
Explain how investment in sustainable resources and policy development align with the mission
or goals of a nongovernmental organization or government program.
•
How will working on your chosen issue benefit the audience?
•
How does your proposal align with the mission or goals of the audience?
Reflection, Summary, and Outcomes Transcript only
In this final section, reflect on your experience of presenting or leading a meeting related to your chosen
global health issue and summarize any takeaways or outcomes that you have from the presentation or
meeting.
•
Reflect on the experience of presenting and advocating for sustainable resources and policy
development to improve outcomes related to a chosen global health issue.
•
•
•
How did the presentation or meeting go?
▪
What went well?
▪
What would you change if you had to give it again?
How did it feel to be advocating for your plan or policy?
Summarize key takeaways and outcomes of your presentation to a relevant audience.
•
What were your most important takeaways from the experiences?
•
What, if any, outcomes have resulted or seem plausible at this time?
Additionally, your communication will be evaluated on the following criterion:
•
Communicate orally in a way that engages the audience while maintaining an appropriate tone.
Additional Requirements
If you reference specific research findings or sources in your video, make sure that you submit an APAstyle reference list for those sources.
•
APA style and format reference list: Submit, along with the video, a separate reference page that
follows APA style and formatting guidelines.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following
course competencies and scoring guide criteria:
•
Competency 2: Propose and evaluate culturally sensitive interventions to address health
problems.
•
•
Competency 3: Evaluate the structure and function of public health nongovernmental funding
organizations.
•
•
Explain the rationale and preparation to present culturally sensitive strategies and
potential policies related to a global health issue to a relevant audience.
Explain how investment in sustainable resources and policy development aligns with the
mission or goals of a nongovernmental organization or government program.
Competency 4: Analyze multiple perspectives, without bias, on policies that affect health care.
•
Advocate for sustainable resources and policy development to improve outcomes
related to a chosen global health issue.
•
•
Competency 5: Address assessment purpose in a well-organized text, incorporating appropriate
evidence and tone in grammatically sound sentences.
•
•
Reflect on the experience of presenting and advocating for sustainable resources and
policy development to improve outcomes related to a chosen global health issue.
Communicate orally in a way that engages the audience while maintaining an
appropriate tone.
Competency 6: Obtain the minimum expected practicum hours.
•
Summarize key takeaways and outcomes of a presentation to a relevant audience.
Resources:
Advocacy is an essential skill for nurse leaders. The ability to advocate for patients, populations, and
health outcomes is a critical part of a nurse leader’s role. One way that systemic changes can be
advocated is through policy development. The following resources will be useful in addressing the
advocacy and policy development aspects of this assessment.
•
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved from
https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
•
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Health policy. Retrieved from
https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/health-policy/
•
Douthit, N. T., & Biswas, S. (2018). Global health education and advocacy: Using BMJ case
reports to tackle the social determinants of health. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 114.
•
KFF. (2013). A reporter’s guide to U.S. global health policy. Retrieved from
https://www.kff.org/report-section/non-governmental-organizations-involved-in-u-s-globalhealth-policy/
•
Olson, K. (2016). Influence through policy: Four steps YOU can take. Reflections on Nursing
Leadership, 42(2), 1–3. Retrieved from
https://www.reflectionsonnursingleadership.org/commentary/morecommentary/Vol42_2_influence-through-policy-four-steps-you-can-take
Global health care is influenced and affected by the governments and structure of health care systems
from which care originates and to which it is delivered. When planning and developing programs and
policies to affect global health care issues, it is vital to understand these factors in order to be successful.
The following resources will help you to build your knowledge base around these topics.
•
Brink, S. (2017). What country spends the most (and least) on health care per person?. Retrieved
from https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/04/20/524774195/what-countryspends-the-most-and-least-on-health-care-per-person
•
Bhattacharyya, D. (2016). An analysis of how health care providers, industry and patients
influence health technology assessment around the world. Global Journal of Medicine and Public
Health, 5(2). Retrieved from https://doaj.org/article/605fa8c349ef4fc6bbd5734691c56dd6
•
The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). International health care system profiles. Retrieved from
http://international.commonwealthfund.org/
•
KFF. (2019). The U.S. government and global health. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-health/
•
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Questions and answers on universal health coverage.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/uhc_qa/en/
Understanding how nursing and global health intersect is critical to leveraging the role of a nurse leader
to drive positive outcomes. The following resources may help you to shape your messaging and position
your role as a nurse leader in your assessment.
•
International Centre on Nurse Migration. (n.d.). Retrieved from
•
Verian, R. G. (n.d.). Public health issues on global nursing migration [PDF]. Retrieved from:
https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/bitstream/handle/10755/243427/Verian_Ronaldo_51957.p
df?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
•
Walani, S. R. (2015). Global migration of internationally educated nurses: Experiences of
employment discrimination. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 3, 65–70. Retrieved
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214139115000220
•
Leading Global Health Strategic Planning and
Policy Development Scoring Guide
CRITERIA
Explain the
rationale and
preparation to
present
culturally
sensitive
strategies and
potential
policies
related to a
global health
issue to a
NONPERFORMANC
E
Does not
describe the
rationale or
preparation to
present
culturally
sensitive
strategies and
potential
policies
related to a
global health
issue.
BASIC
PROFICIENT
Describes
either the
rationale or
preparation to
present
culturally
sensitive
strategies and
potential
policies
related to a
global health
issue, or fails
to describe a
Explains the
rationale and
preparation to
present
culturally
sensitive
strategies and
potential
policies
related to a
global health
issue to a
relevant
audience.
DISTINGUISH
ED
Explains the
rationale and
preparation to
present
culturally
sensitive
strategies and
potential
policies
related to a
global health
issue to a
relevant
audience.
Notes areas of
CRITERIA
NONPERFORMANC
E
BASIC
PROFICIENT
relevant
audience.
relevant
audience.
DISTINGUISH
ED
preparation
that could
have been
improved with
additional
information or
knowledge.
Advocate for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Does not
explain the
resources or
policy
development
needed to
improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Explains the
resources or
policy
development
needed to
improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue
but fails to
advocate for
the issue.
Advocates for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Advocates for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Utilizes
relevant
evidence and
appeals to
create buy-in
from the
audience.
Explain how
investment in
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
aligns with the
mission or
goals of a
nongovernmen
tal
organization
Does not
identify how
investment in
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
aligns with the
mission or
goals of a
nongovernmen
tal
organization
or government
program.
Identifies how
investment in
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
aligns with the
mission or
goals of a
nongovernmen
tal
organization
or government
program.
Explains how
investment in
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
aligns with the
mission or
goals of a
nongovernmen
tal
organization
or government
program.
Explains how
investment in
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
aligns with the
mission or
goals of a
nongovernmen
tal
organization
or government
program.
Utilizes
CRITERIA
NONPERFORMANC
E
BASIC
PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISH
ED
relevant
evidence and
appeals to
create buy-in
from the
audience.
or government
program.
Reflect on the
experience of
presenting and
advocating for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Does not
describe the
presentation.
Describes the
presentation
but falls short
of a true
reflection in
that neither the
experience nor
what was
learned is
addressed.
Reflects on the
experience of
presenting and
advocating for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Reflects on the
experience of
presenting and
advocating for
sustainable
resources and
policy
development
to improve
outcomes
related to a
chosen global
health issue.
Makes
reference to
specific ways
to improve for
future
advocacy
opportunities.
Summarize
key takeaways
and outcomes
of a
presentation to
a relevant
audience.
Does not
identify key
takeaways and
outcomes of a
presentation to
a relevant
audience.
Identifies key
takeaways and
outcomes of a
presentation to
a relevant
audience.
Summarizes
key takeaways
and outcomes
of a
presentation to
a relevant
audience.
Summarizes
key takeaways
and outcomes
of a
presentation to
a relevant
audience.
Notes which
takeaways or
outcomes will
be most
important
moving
CRITERIA
NONPERFORMANC
E
BASIC
PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISH
ED
forward in
professional
practice.
Communicate
orally in a way
that engages
the audience
while
maintaining an
appropriate
tone.
Does not
communicate
orally.
Communicates
orally but
communicatio
n is
insufficiently
engaging or
tone is
inappropriate.
Communicates
orally in a way
that engages
the audience
while
maintaining an
appropriate
tone.
Communicates
orally in an
exceptionally
engaging way
with an
audienceappropriate,
professional
tone.
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