For this assignment, revise the Methods from the Research Report in PSY-452. You are required to keep the following sections: participants, materials/instruments/apparatuses, procedures, and design. As you make revisions to the Methods make sure to include the following information in each section:
Introduction paragraph: Describe the need for additional research on your topic, which you found and pointed to at the end of the literature review. State the purpose of your study in a problem statement or hypothesis. Finally, write a thesis statement that describes what the purpose of this section of the paper is: to present the methods including participants, materials, procedures, and design, that will be used to conduct the study.
Participants: In this section, you are only to focus on presenting the demographic of those who can participate in your study. You will also present any excluding factors that are not implied when stating who can participate. Be specific about any factors that would be included in the study (i.e. age, gender, race/ethnicity, SES, education level, etc.). Include how many participants you will need to conduct the study. Your sample size should be based on how you plan to generalize the results. In other words, to whom would the results be applied?
PSY-495 Topic 2: Identifying Themes in Literature
Brianna Hampton
Grand Canyon University
PSY-495
April 23, 2023
© 5/19/23. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
1. Reviewing an article in psychology:
For this exercise, I found an article on “The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Trait
Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis” by Khoury et al. (2015) in the journal Clinical Psychology Review.
As I read through the article, I noted down the following keywords and topics: mindfulnessbased interventions, trait anxiety, meta-analysis, effect sizes, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and
randomized controlled trials.
2. Additional related topics for a literature review:
Additional areas that might be included in a literature review on the issue of mindfulness-based
therapies and anxiety include:
•
The theoretical foundations and genesis of mindfulness-based interventions.
•
Varieties of mindfulness-based therapy and their influence on psychological wellbeing
•
Mindfulness-based therapies and their underlying mechanisms
•
Interventions based on mindfulness for various forms of mental illness (such as
depression, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder)
•
Interventions based on mindfulness for particular groups (e.g., youth, the elderly, and
those with long-term conditions)
•
Factors (such as dosage, format, and therapist traits) that may moderate the efficacy
of mindfulness-based therapies
3. Recurring themes in the literature:
From what I have read of the paper and its references, a few themes stand out:
• The potential efficacy of mindfulness-based therapies for treating anxiety
• The significance of evaluating the efficacy of mindfulness-based therapies using rigorous
methods (e.g., randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses)
• The need for more excellent study into the workings of mindfulness-based therapies
• The malleability of mindfulness-based therapies to meet the needs of people with a wide range
of mental health issues
4. Topics that will need additional research:
•
One area that needs further investigation is the long-term benefits of mindfulness-based
therapies on anxiety and other mental health outcomes.
•
Evidence-based therapies for anxiety, including comparisons to mindfulness-based
approaches
•
Mindfulness-based therapies for the treatment and management of anxiety and related
disorders
•
The potential impact of social and cultural variables on the success of mindfulness-based
therapies
•
Mindfulness-based intervention dissemination and Use in clinical practice
Second article
1. Reviewing an article in psychology:
For this exercise, I found an article on “The Impact of Social Media on Body Image and Eating
Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults” by Fardouly et al. (2015) in the journal
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. As I read through the article, I noted down the following
keywords and topics: social media, body image, eating behaviors, adolescents, young adults,
self-comparison, internalization, thin-ideal, muscular ideal, media literacy.
2. Additional related topics for a literature review:
Additionally, a literature review on the topic of social media and body image could cover such
areas as:
•
The prevalence and consequences of social media use among adolescents and young
adults
•
The relationship between social media use and body image concerns
•
The role of social comparison in body dissatisfaction; and the impact of media on body
image dissatisfaction and disordered eating
3. Recurring themes in the literature:
After reading this essay and researching similar material, I have noticed a few repeating themes,
including:
•
The widespread impact of media and social media on body image and eating patterns;
•
The detrimental consequences of exposure to the thin-ideal and muscular-ideal presented
in media and social media.
•
Interventions to enhance media literacy and critical consumption
•
the role of internalization and social comparison in the etiology of body image
dissatisfaction and disordered eating
4. Topics that will need additional research:
There is a need for more study on several issues related to the media and its influence on body
image and eating habits, including:
•
The long-term effects of media and social media exposure
•
The potential benefits and drawbacks of using social media for body positivity and selfacceptance
•
The influence of different types of media (e.g., magazines, television, and social media)
on body image and eating behaviors
•
The effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing media exposure or promoting
critical thinking; and the effectiveness of interventions
References
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on
social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and
mood. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(6), 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000190
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M. A.,
Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.005
1
Literature Review
Brianna Hampton
Grand Canyon University
PSY-495
April 30, 2023
2
Introduction
Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The presence
of acute, uncontrollable worry that interferes with everyday living is a distinguishing hallmark of
generalized anxiety disorder. GAD is widely treated using a variety of therapeutic techniques.
This literature review was developed to familiarize readers with the backdrop of GAD research
and history.
Prevalence of GAD
GAD is predicted to affect 6% of adults at some point in their lives. This figure was gathered
from a poll of over 9,000 local inhabitants. According to research (Baxter et al., 2013), women
are more likely to suffer from GAD than men. The frequency of generalized anxiety disorder
varies with age and cultural background. According to Liu et al. (2017), GAD is more frequent
among Chinese elderly than among Chinese children. Similarly, Gallo et al. (2014) discovered
that Hispanics and African-Americans were likelier to suffer from GAD than non-Hispanic
whites.
GAD is linked to substantial functional impairment and deterioration in the quality of life, which
influence how afflicted people go about their everyday lives. Wittchen et al. (2011) found that
those with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) outperformed those without GAD across various
parameters. GAD is a prevalent mental health illness resulting in functional impairment and
reduced quality of life. GAD affects women more than men, which is true across all age groups
and countries where the disorder has been studied. The fact that GAD often co-occurs with other
mental health conditions highlights the need for a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment
3
approach for this illness. In patients’ everyday lives, the effects of a generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD) and the therapies available to alleviate its symptoms should not be overlooked.
Risk Factors for GAD
GAD has been linked to various factors, including biological, environmental, and psychological
factors. GAD heritability was estimated to be between 30 and 40% by Hettema et al. (2012).
This highlights the importance of genetic factors in the development of GAD. Anxiety disorders
like GAD have been linked to environmental variables such as stressful life experiences (Stein &
Sareen, 2015). GAD is also connected to psychological issues such as negative thinking
processes and difficulty managing emotions (Mennin & Fresco, 2013).
In addition to inherited and environmental factors, the development of GAD has been linked to
various psychological characteristics. In their cognitive model of GAD, Brosschot, Gerin, and
Thayer (2006) propose that negative thought patterns and cognitive biases substantially
contribute to the persistence of worry and anxiety. Catastrophic thinking, or imagining the worstcase scenario in reaction to stress, is a symptom of GAD. According to Roemer and Orsillo
(2013), this kind of thinking may contribute to the development of generalized anxiety disorder.
The beginning of generalized anxiety disorder has also been connected to a person’s inability to
control their emotions. People with GAD may experience increased anxiety and worry due to
their inability to control their emotions (Mennin & Fresco, 2013). Furthermore, GAD patients
frequently avoid or repress their emotions, exacerbating their anxiety (Roemer & Orsillo, 2013).
Genetic, environmental, and psychological variables all play a role in the development of GAD.
Medical practitioners must be aware of the many potential causes of GAD and the need to
complete a thorough diagnosis and create a treatment approach.
4
Treatment of GAD
GAD is widely treated using a variety of therapeutic techniques. The most effective treatment
option for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) aims to develop healthy thinking and behavior patterns (Cuijpers et al.,
2014). Some drugs that may help with GAD symptoms include selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines (Baldwin et al., 2014). It has been shown that changing
an individual’s lifestyle to include more exercise and less stress will help reduce the symptoms of
GAD (Fricchione, 2004).
According to studies, CBT is useful in treating generalized anxiety disorder. In a meta-analysis
of 18 randomized controlled trials (Cuijpers et al., 2014), CBT was considerably more helpful
than waitlist control or conventional treatment in lowering GAD symptomslpful than waitlist
control or conventional treatment in lowering GAD symptoms. CBT includes psychoeducation,
cognitive restructuring, exposure treatment, and relaxation training (Roemer & Orsillo, 2013).
Medication, in addition to therapy, is one option for treating GAD. Treatment with selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline and fluoxetine has been shown to
ameliorate symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (Baldwin et al., 2014). Although
benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and diazepam may be beneficial in reducing GAD
symptoms, they carry a higher risk of dependency and addiction (Roemer & Orsillo, 2013).
Lifestyle changes may also help with the treatment of GAD symptoms. In GAD patients, regular
exercise lowers anxiety and depression symptoms (Ritz et al., 2013). Another method that has
shown promise in alleviating GAD symptoms is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR;
Roemer & Orsillo, 2013). GAD is often treated with psychotherapy, medication, and behavioral
5
modifications. Medical practitioners should be aware of the many therapies for GAD and
collaborate closely with patients to choose the best course of action.
Treatment options for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) should be carefully considered,
considering each patient’s unique characteristics and preferences. Some individuals may benefit
more from medicine, while others may benefit more from psychotherapy or behavioral
adjustments. Furthermore, it is critical to monitor how patients are doing and responding to
treatment, as well as to consider any risks and side effects associated with various treatment
options.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method for stimulating brain nerve
cells. Numerous studies have shown that TMS can help with GAD symptoms (Bakker et al.,
2017; Mantovani et al., 2018). More research is needed, however, to determine the efficacy and
safety of TMS for GAD. GAD is often treated with psychotherapy, medication, and behavioral
modifications. A patient’s treatment plan should be designed in collaboration with their
healthcare professional to meet their requirements and preferences best. The efficacy and safety
of innovative GAD therapies must be studied further.
Mennin and Fresco (2013) discovered that GAD patients often struggle with emotional control.
Furthermore, GAD patients are more likely than the general public to perceive danger (Roemer
& Orsillo, 2013).
Combining medicine with psychotherapy has been more successful than either treatment alone.
Furukawa et al. (2007) discovered that combination treatment was more effective than
6
medication or psychotherapy alone in lowering GAD symptoms in a meta-analysis of 14
randomized controlled trials.
Although the exact cause of certain people’s proclivity for GAD is unknown, experts have
identified several risk factors. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been linked to genetics,
environmental stress, and individual variations in personality and cognitive style (Hettema et al.,
2012).
Other than drugs and talk therapy, there are various approaches to controlling the symptoms of
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Ritz et al. (2013) observed that people with GAD who
exercised daily felt less anxious and depressed.
Conclusion
To summarize, GAD is a common mental illness that may substantially impair a person’s ability
to function daily. If healthcare personnel are aware of the risk factors and successful therapies for
GAD, they may be able to assist their patients more effectively with the disease. None of these
characteristics seem very important in the development of GAD, even though genetics,
environmental stress, and cognitive style have all been connected to the illness as potential risk
factors. GAD treatments include medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and behavioral
changes. A mental health ailment known as generalized anxiety disorder may substantially
impact a person’s everyday life. Understanding the incidence, risk factors, and treatment options
for GAD is critical. GAD treatments include cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, and
behavioral and lifestyle adjustments. More research is needed to determine the underlying causes
of GAD and develop effective treatments.
7
References
Bakker, N., Shahab, S., Giacobbe, P., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Kennedy, S. H., &
Downar, J. (2017). rTMS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for major depression:
Safety, tolerability, effectiveness, and outcome predictors for 10 Hz versus intermittent
theta-burst stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 10(2), 293-300.
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., … &
Tyrer, P. (2014). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety
disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(6), 965-982.
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). The global burden
of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine, 43(05), 897-910.
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A
review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113-124.
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Ebert, D. D., Koot, H. M., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., … &
Kessler, R. C. (2016). Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A metaanalysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 113-127.
Fricchione, G. (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(7),
675-682.
Furukawa, T. A., Watanabe, N., Churchill, R., & Psychotherapy, M. A. (2007). Combined
psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder. The Cochrane Library.
8
Gallo, J. J., Marino, S., Ford, D., Anthony, J. C., Eaton, W. W., & Chen, L. Y. (2014).
Differences in DSM-IV symptom endorsement by race/ethnicity among outpatients at a
community mental health center. Psychiatric Services, 65(3), 414-420.
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2012). A review and meta-analysis of the
genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(11),
1150-1159.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005).
Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National
Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602.
Liu, X., Tang, W., Chen, G., Lu, Y., Feng, Y., & Qi, X. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of
generalized anxiety disorder in a community-based sample of older adults in China.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 223, 115-121.
Mantovani, A., Leckman, J. F., Grantz, H., King, R. A., Sporn, A. L., Lisanby, S. H., … &
Simpson, H. B. (2018). Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. International
Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(12), 1066-1075.
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). Emotion regulation therapy. In Handbook of emotion
regulation (pp. 469-490). Guilford Press.
9
Ritz, T., Rosenfield, D., de la Vega, R., & Meuret, A. E. (2013). Exercise-induced
bronchoconstriction in adults with asthma and anxiety: the role of mindfulness. Journal of
Asthma, 50(1), 87-93.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in
practice (Vol. 2). Guilford Press.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in
practice (Vol. 2). Guilford Press.
Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of
Medicine, 373(21), 2059-2068.
Wittchen, H. U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (2011). DSM-IV generalized anxiety
disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey: prevalence, course, and sociodemographic
correlates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 261(3), 177-186.
PSY
– 495 Topics 4: Limitations
Brianna Hampton
Grand Canyon University
PYS-495
May 6, 2023
Part 1: Limitations
© 2023. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
The limited sample size and lack of a control group were two difficulties with Bakker et al.
(2017)’s research on rTMS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for severe depression. The
absence of direct comparisons between regimens was a limitation in Baldwin et al.’s (2014)
review of evidence-based pharmaceutical therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. According to
Baxter et al. (2013), cross-sectional data were utilized in 2010 to determine the worldwide
prevalence of anxiety disorders. The examination of the perseverative cognition theory by
Brosschot et al. (2006) noted many drawbacks, including difficulty demonstrating causality and
the variety of techniques used to evaluate the concern and physiological activity. The variability
of the studies included in Cuijpers et al.’s (2016) meta-analysis of psychological therapy for
GAD limits its generalizability. Fricchione (2004) admitted that their GAD analysis had
shortcomings, including the need for further research to establish diagnostic criteria and identify
effective medications. Furukawa et al. (2007) found it difficult to examine the effects of
combining psychotherapy and benzodiazepines for treating panic disorder due to the small
sample size and diversity of the included studies. Gallo et al. (2014) noted that the possibility of
selection bias and the use of self-reported measures limited their study of variations in DSM-IV
symptom endorsement by race or ethnicity among outpatients at a community mental health
clinic. Hettema et al. (2012) discovered that some groups were underrepresented in their study
and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders and that self-reported data
were employed. Kessler et al. (2005) found two drawbacks in their National Comorbidity Survey
Replication data research on the lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV
disorders: memory bias and the exclusion of hospitalized patients. The cross-sectional
methodology and reliance on self-reported measures were limitations of Liu et al.’s (2017) study
on the prevalence and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in a community-based sample of
elderly adults in China. Mantovani et al. (2018) recognized the limited sample size and short
follow-up duration as limitations in a randomized, sham-controlled study of recurrent
transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. In their
assessment of emotion regulation therapy, Mennin and Fresco (2013) expressed many issues,
including the need for further research to confirm the method’s efficacy across various illnesses
and groups. Ritz et al. (2013) evaluated exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in people with
asthma and anxiety; however, they noted that their research had limitations due to the lack of a
control group and the relatively small sample size. The authors of Roemer and Orsillo’s 2013
book on applying mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapy acknowledged the lack
of empirical evidence for some of the book’s practices. According to Stein and Sareen (2015),
generalized anxiety disorder is difficult to differentiate from other anxiety disorders, and more
study is needed to determine the optimal treatment approaches. Wittchen et al. (2014) identified
many flaws in the research, including the possibility of recollection bias and differences in
methods used to identify mental diseases in the United States and Europe.
Part 2: Similarities of Limitations
Numerous GAD investigations have shown the same difficulties in understanding and treating
the illness. As noted by numerous authors (Baldwin et al., 2014; Cuijpers et al., 2016;
Fricchione, 2004; Stein & Sareen, 2015), the present medication treatment for GAD has
limitations. They emphasize that response rates are low and that no medicine can be relied on to
treat GAD in every patient. According to Cuijpers et al. (2016), long-term follow-up research
needs to be conducted to determine whether a psychological treatment for GAD is useful in the
long run. Fricchione (2004) and Hettema et al. (2012) also highlight the gaps in our knowledge
of the etiology of GAD. Although the specific processes are unknown, they imply that a complex
interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychological variables causes GAD. Finally, Kessler et
al. (2005) and Gallo et al. (2014) stress the limits of diagnostic frameworks such as the DSM-IV
in detecting and diagnosing GAD. They raise the potential for cultural and socioeconomic
disparities in presenting and accepting symptoms, which might lead to a substandard diagnosis or
wrong interpretation of GAD.
Part 3: Reduction or Avoidance of Impact
Bakker et al. (2017) claimed that rTMS successfully treated severe depression despite the study’s
limitations (small sample size and an uncontrolled design). We can overcome these constraints in
our planned rTMS trial by raising the sample size and introducing a control group. Medication
may be used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), according to research published in
2014 by Baldwin et al. Nonetheless, the study has limitations regarding patient selection and
GAD diagnosis. If we employed a precise diagnosis of GAD and a randomized controlled
design, our proposed research on psychological therapy for GAD could avoid these difficulties.
Although the research has limitations regarding data sources and measuring methodologies,
Baxter et al. (2013) approximated the worldwide burden of anxiety disorders. The proposed
research on the prevalence of anxiety disorders may be designed to lessen or eliminate these
concerns by employing a variety of data sources and standardized assessment techniques.
According to Brosschot et al. (2006)’s perseverative cognition theory, physiological activity
connected with concern and continuous stress causes health issues. The proposed research might
investigate this idea by collecting data on concern and physiological activity and then
investigating how these factors relate to health outcomes. Cuijpers et al. (2016) did a metaanalysis on psychological therapy for GAD, although the research needed to be more extensive
to the quality of the studies included. Suppose we propose research on the psychological therapy
of GAD. In that case, we may design it such that only the finest studies meet our inclusion
criteria, and we can consistently evaluate the quality of those studies. Despite doing a metaanalysis on the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders, Hettema et al. (2012) were
handicapped by the diversity of the articles they included in their study. Suppose we were to
propose a study on the genetic basis of anxiety disorders. In that case, we might design our
research to reduce or eliminate these constraints by quantifying anxiety disorders and genetic
variables using established processes and controlling for confounding factors.
References
Bakker, N., Shahab, S., Giacobbe, P., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Kennedy, S. H., &
Downar, J. (2017). rTMS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for major depression:
Safety, tolerability, effectiveness, and outcome predictors for 10 Hz versus intermittent
theta-burst stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 10(2), 293-300.
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., … &
Tyrer, P. (2014). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety
disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(6), 965-982.
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). The global burden
of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine, 43(05), 897-910.
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A
review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113-124.
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Ebert, D. D., Koot, H. M., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., … &
Kessler, R. C. (2016). Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A metaanalysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 113-127.
Fricchione, G. (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(7),
675-682.
Furukawa, T. A., Watanabe, N., Churchill, R., & Psychotherapy, M. A. (2007). Combined
psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder. The Cochrane Library.
Gallo, J. J., Marino, S., Ford, D., Anthony, J. C., Eaton, W. W., & Chen, L. Y. (2014).
Differences in DSM-IV symptom endorsement by race/ethnicity among outpatients at a
community mental health center. Psychiatric Services, 65(3), 414-420.
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2012). A review and meta-analysis of the
genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(11),
1150-1159.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005).
Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National
Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602.
Liu, X., Tang, W., Chen, G., Lu, Y., Feng, Y., & Qi, X. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of
generalized anxiety disorder in a community-based sample of older adults in China.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 223, 115-121.
Mantovani, A., Leckman, J. F., Grantz, H., King, R. A., Sporn, A. L., Lisanby, S. H., … &
Simpson, H. B. (2018). Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. International
Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(12), 1066-1075.
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). Emotion regulation therapy. In Handbook of emotion
regulation (pp. 469-490). Guilford Press.
Ritz, T., Rosenfield, D., de la Vega, R., & Meuret, A. E. (2013). Exercise-induced
bronchoconstriction in adults with asthma and anxiety: the role of mindfulness. Journal of
Asthma, 50(1), 87-93.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in
practice (Vol. 2). Guilford Press.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in
practice (Vol. 2). Guilford Press.
Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of
Medicine, 373(21), 2059-2068.
Wittchen, H. U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (2011). DSM-IV generalized anxiety
disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey: prevalence, course, and sociodemographic
correlates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 261(3), 177-186.
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