Question # 1: Person-Centered Chapter 7 (answer all parts of the question)
Think about Roger’s view of human nature and how it influences the practice of counseling.
Questions:
In your own words, explain the concept, “actualization tendency.”
How does the actualization tendency influences the practice of Person-Centered Therapy?
Make sure to make reference to the text to support your points.
Question # 2: Behavioral Therapy Chapter 9 (answer all parts of the question)
As the client, would you want your therapist to use in vivo (gradual)exposureOR flooding to treat the fear?
Select a treatment (exposure or flooding)
Explain the specific steps to applying the treatment
Explain why you selected the particular method of treatment over the other option.
Behavior Therapy
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
1. Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such
as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a passive
organism
2. Operant Conditioning
Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to
produce consequences
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (1)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
3. Social‐Learning Approach
Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an
individual’s behavior and the environment
4. Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as
a client’s self‐talk) as mediators of behavior change
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (2)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
A set of clinical procedures relying on experimental
findings of psychological research
Based on principles of learning that are systematically
applied
Focus is on the client’s current problems and on
assessing behavior through observation or self‐
monitoring
Largely action‐oriented and educational – therapist
teaches clients skills of self‐management
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (3)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Behavior is something that can be operationally defined;
it includes overt actions as well as internal processes
such as cognitions, images, beliefs, and emotions
Change can take place without insight into underlying
dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem
Behaviorists ask: “What treatment, by whom, is the most
effective for this individual with that specific problem and
under which set of circumstances?”
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (4)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
A‐B‐C model
Antecedent(s)
Behavior(s)
Consequence(s)
Antecedent
Behavior
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (5)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Consequence
The following techniques are used in applied behavior
analysis
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (6)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Progressive muscle relaxation is a popular method of
teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily
living
Relaxation becomes a well‐learned response, which can
become a habitual pattern if practiced daily
Relaxation procedures have been applied to a variety of
clinical problems ranging from chronic pain to panic disorder
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (7)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Based on the principle of classical conditioning, SD is a basic
behavioral procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe
SD is an effective treatment in the reduction of maladaptive
anxiety and the treatment of anxiety‐related disorders,
particularly in the area of specific phobias
DS entails relaxation training, development of a graduated
anxiety hierarchy, and DS proper (the presentation of
hierarchy items while the client is deeply relaxed)
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (8)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
In Vivo Desensitization
Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation
or event
Flooding
Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to
stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, without the
opportunity to avoid them
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (9)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
An exposure‐based therapy that involves imaginal
flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic
eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat
traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (10)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Helps clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal
competence
May involve various behavioral procedures such as
assessment, direct instruction and coaching, modeling, role‐
playing, and homework assignments
The feedback and reinforcement clients receive assists them
in conceptualizing and using a new set of social skills that
enables them to communicate more effectively
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (11)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
One specialized form of social skills training consists of
teaching people how to be assertive in varied situations
One goal of AT is to increase people’s behavioral repertoire
so that they can make the choice of whether to behave
assertively in certain situations
Most AT programs focus on clients’ negative self‐
statements, self‐defeating beliefs, and faulty thinking
Often used in a group format
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (12)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
In S‐M programs people make decisions concerning specific
behaviors they want to control or change
S‐M strategies include self‐monitoring, self‐reward, self‐
contracting, and stimulus control
The process includes selecting goals, translating goals into
target behaviors, self‐monitoring, working out a plan for
change, and evaluating an action plan
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (13)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
A comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to
behavior therapy developed by Arnold Lazarus
Grounded in social‐cognitive theory
Applies diverse behavioral techniques to a wide range of
problems; it encourages technical eclecticism
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (14)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
The complex personality of human beings can be
divided into seven major areas of functioning:
B = behavior
A = affective responses
S = sensations
I = images
C = cognitions
I = interpersonal relationships
D = drugs, biological functions, nutrition, and exercise
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (15)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
DBT is a promising blend of behavioral and
psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline
personality disorders
DBT treatment strategies include both acceptance‐
oriented and change‐oriented strategies
Skills are taught in four modules: mindfulness,
interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and
distress tolerance
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (16)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Mindfulness-Based Stress
Reduction
The program assists people in learning how to live more
fully in the present rather than ruminating about the
past or being overly concerned about the future
The skills taught in MBSR include sitting meditation and
mindful yoga, aimed at cultivating mindfulness
Didactic instruction is minimized and experiential
learning and self‐discovery are emphasized
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (17)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Mi ndfu I ness-Based Cognitive
Therapy
MBCT is an 8‐week group treatment program adapted
from MBSR that includes components of cognitive
behavior therapy
The primary aim is to change clients’ awareness of and
relation to their negative thoughts, rather than on
merely challenging the content of thoughts
Experiential learning, in‐session and out‐of‐session
practice, learning from feedback, and homework
assignments are emphasized
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (18)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
ACT involves fully accepting present experience and
mindfully letting go of obstacles
In ACT there is little emphasis on changing the content
of a client’s thoughts. Instead, the emphasis is on
acceptance (nonjudgmental awareness) of cognitions
The goal of ACT is to allow for increased psychological
flexibility
There is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of
ACT for a variety of disorders
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (19)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Treatments
rely on empirical support and tend to be brief
emphasize self‐management skills and thought
restructuring
Leaders
use a brief, directive, psychoeducational approach
conduct behavioral assessments
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (20)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Leaders and members
create collaborative, precise treatment goals
devise a specific treatment plan to help each member
meet goals
objectively measure treatment outcome
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (21)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Strengths IFrom a Diversity
Perspective
Behavior therapy may appeal to diverse client
populations due to its:
specificity, task orientation, focus on objectivity, focus on
cognition and behavior, action orientation, brevity, emphasis on
the present, commitment to teach coping strategies, and
problem‐solving orientation
Behavior therapy focuses on environmental, social, and
political conditions that contribute to a client’s problems
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (22)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Limitations IFrom a Diversity
Perspective
Some behavioral counselors may focus on using a variety
of techniques in narrowly treating specific behavioral
problems
Therapists who fail to conduct a thorough assessment of
the interpersonal and cultural dimensions of the client’s
problem may not adequately prepare him/her for the
possible consequences of newly acquired social skills
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (23)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
The specificity of the behavioral approaches helps clients
translate unclear goals into concrete plans of action
Behavior therapists have a wide variety of specific
behavioral techniques at their disposal
Behavioral interventions have been subjected to more
rigorous evaluation than those of any other form of
psychological treatment
Behavior therapy emphasizes ethical accountability
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (24)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Heavy focus on behavioral change may detract from client’s
experience of emotions
Some counselors believe the therapist’s role as a teacher
deemphasizes the important relational factors in the client‐
therapist relationship
Behavior therapy does not place emphasis on insight
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (25)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Behavior therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than
underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors
There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client
using this approach
Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or
too mechanistic
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Chapter 9 (26)
©2013 Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
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