Question 1 (1 point)What occurs for the average value of diastole after exercise when
compared to supine (normal breathing)?
Question 1 options:
the diastole period is shortened for after exercise
the diastole period is lengthened for after exercise
no change is observed
none of the above
Question 2 (1 point)
The timing of diastole changes more than the timing of systole after
exercise.
Question 2 options:
True
False
Question 3 (1 point)
The ‘QRS complex’ can be used to determine heart rate be measuring
the timing between subsequent R-waves.
Question 3 options:
True
False
Question 4 (1 point)
The lowest average heart rate was observed during:
Question 4 options:
supine, resting
seated, resting
after exercise, first 30 s
after exercise, last 30 s
Question 5 (1 point)
The ECG is a measurement of how strongly the heart muscle is
contracting.
Question 5 options:
True
False
Question 6 (1 point)
A sinus arrhythmia:
Question 6 options:
occurs only during pathological conditions
is more prevalent in elderly individuals
represents a lack of ventricular relaxation during deep breathing
none of the above
Question 7 (1 point)
The average heart rate was highest during which activity?
Question 7 options:
supine, resting
after sitting, resting
after exercise, first 30 s
after exercise, last 30 s
Question 8 (1 point)
The ‘P wave’ is the small wave at the beginning of a cardiac cycle that
represents atrial depolarization.
Question 8 options:
True
False
Question 9 (1 point)
How do average values for systole change between supine (normal
breathing) and after exercise?
Question 9 options:
they slow down during exercise because the ventricles are contracting more forcefully
they speed up during exercise because heart rate is increasing
there is no change
none of the above
Question 10 (1 point)
The change in diastole timing after exercise is most likely due to which
of the following?
Question 10 options:
heart rate is slowing down to allow for more efficient oxygen delivery to cells, requiring the ventricles to
remain in diastole longer
the ventricles are ‘tired’ and need more time to rest, requiring the ventricles to remain in diastole longer
heart rate is speeding up to increase oxygen delivery to cells for the purpose of ATP production, requiring
the ventricles to remain in diastole less than they would at rest
none of the explanations
ONLINE Laboratory Introduction
In this week’s lab, we will be exploring biofeedback. Biofeedback training is a type of
behavior therapy that helps people learn to change and control body functions (e.g., heart
rate, skin electrical conductance, blood pressure) through visual and/or auditory feedback
in stressful situations. The training typically involves use of biosensors worn by the
patients which provide real-time feedback to the patient about their bodily function.
If the lab was done in person, we would have student volunteers use electrodes to monitor
heart rate in several physiological states (using the BioPac instruments). The states can
include being in a relaxed state and fostering peaceful thoughts or in an aroused state
while listening to lively music or watching a scary video or a sporting event. The relaxed
state engages the parasympathetic nervous system while the aroused state engages the
sympathetic nervous system.
For the online lab, you will be provided with data from BSL Analysis for two subjects,
Wendy and John, who had heart rate and electrodermal activity (a.k.a. galvanic skin
response) measured while in a relaxed state or in an aroused state for a brief period of
time. Electrodermal activity measures the electrical conductance in the skin and is
primarily determined by sweat secretion of the skin (typically measured on the fingers or
palms of the hands). You will review and analyze the data from John and Wendy and
answer questions for the lab.
General Background & Review
All of the organ systems in our body are necessary for maintaining homeostasis through
reflex arcs (refer to the reflex lab for a refresher). A large component of many reflex arcs
is the nervous system, which plays a crucial part in detecting external sensory stimuli,
processing this information appropriately, and determining a physiological response.
Accordingly, the nervous system is divided into several components: the central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (everything else). The
peripheral nervous system can further be subdivided into input (sensory or afferent
nerves) and output (somatic motor nerves and the autonomic nervous system)
components.
The focus of today’s lab is the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system
controls many of the involuntary functions in our body and can be further divided into
two subdivisions: the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous systems.
Both of these autonomic nervous system subdivisions function complementary to each
other to regulate homeostasis within our body (Fig. 1). The sympathetic nervous system
subdivision regulates our ‘fight or flight’ responses. In other words, it increases heart
rate, airway passage dilation, decreases gastrointestinal (GI) tract motility, constricts
blood vessels and dilates pupils. Alternatively, the parasympathetic nervous system
subdivision controls ‘resting and digesting’ functions by reducing heart rate and
increasing GI motility and secretions.
Figure 1. Autonomic nervous system diagram.
Biofeedback training is a type of behavior therapy that helps people learn to change and
control body functions through visual and/or auditory feedback in stressful situations.
Types of bodily functions that people can learn to change include heart rate, blood
pressure, and feeling anxious or agitated. Another physiological response people can
learn to modify is electrodermal activity (EDA) also known as galvanic skin response, a
sweating response in the hands to stressful situations. Monitoring of these bodily
functions can be accomplished with the use of various types of electrical and mechanical
sensors that send data to a computer. For example, while connected to the sensors, a
patient can see a real-time visual display of their heart rate and learn relaxation
techniques to keep their heart rate low even stressful situations (e.g., arousing,
frightening, frustrating/anger generating).
Under normal circumstances, we are not acutely in control of the autonomic tone, or
activity of the autonomic nervous system. However, we can intentionally alter the
autonomic tone through biofeedback. Biofeedback training allows us to influence the
autonomic tone of body functions through the exertion of conscious control over
physiological processes. Body functions that can be used for biofeedback training include
skin temperature and heart rate. This information is monitored by the subject who uses a
visual or auditory signal that enhances the desired response.
How does biofeedback work? As described earlier, the SNS responds to stressful
situations that include both physical and mental stress. While stress adaptations benefit
individuals escaping danger, chronic stress has a negative impact on health. Biofeedback
training allows an individual to monitor heart rate during stressful situations and to
willfully lower heart rate through relaxation techniques. Over time, an individual is able
to consciously control heart rate. Examples of how biofeedback can be applied to manage
physical conditions include asthma, cerebral palsy, hypertension, migraine headaches,
and irritable bowel syndrome.
Video links with examples of biofeedback therapy.
1. Biofeedback: Managing Stress – Dr. Diane Pege (2:52)
2. What to Expect at Your Biofeedback Therapy Sessions – Dr. Seth Enos (3:53)
Figure 2: Biofeedback is a closed-loop system that translates bio-signals into audiovisual
displays. Source: B.Yu, M. Funk, J. Hu, Q. Wang and L. Feijs. Front. ICT, 07 September
2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fict.2018.00023
Table 1 Biofeedback Data from BSL Analysis for subjects John and Wendy during
periods of relaxation (parasympathetic) and arousal (sympathetic) with biofeedback.
Subject
State
HR –
EDA Subject
State
HR EDA Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
John
BPM
mSiemens
Wendy
BPM
mSiemens
Baseline
60
-0.51
Baseline
75
0.95
10 to 30 s
Relaxation
60.6
-0.239
10 to 30 s
Relaxation 72.3
0.99
30 to 60 s
Relaxation
61.0
-1.521
30 to 60 s
Relaxation 72.36
0.423
60 to 90 s
Relaxation
60.7
-2.091
60 to 90 s
Relaxation 69.14
-0.066
90 to 120 s Arousal
63.52
-0.379
90 to 120 s Arousal
82.73
1.131
120 to 150 Arousal
s
150 to 180 Arousal
s
64.23
-0.668
Arousal
83.24
0.832
63.76
-2.724
120 to 150
s
150 to 180
s
Arousal
78.54
0.688
Question 1 (1 point)
A significant change in heart rate would be a change of 5 or more
BPM. Looking at the data from Table 1, the data recorded from
Wendy indicates that she was able to adjust her relaxation heart
rate as compared to arousal state by:
Question 1 options:
increasing heart rate
decreasing heart rate
not changing heart rate
none of these answers are correct
Question 2 (1 point)
Which of the following conditions are treated by biofeedback?
Question 2 options:
asthma
urinary incontinence
migraine headaches
all of the above
Question 3 (1 point)
Using 1) for sympathetic nervous system or 2) for
parasympathetic nervous system, identify which of following
actions are a result of these autonomic nervous system
subdivisions.
Question 3 options:
12
increased blood pressure
12
increased airway dilation
12
decreased heart rate
1. sympathetic nervous system
12
increased heart rate
2. parasympathetic nervous system
12
increased GI tract secretions and motility
12
pupil dilation
Question 4 (1 point)
Looking at the data in Table 1, test subject John experienced an
increase in EDA values in arousal as compared to relaxed state.
Question 4 options:
True
False
Question 5 (1 point)
Biofeedback is a type of behavioral therapy that relies on negative
feedback, such as painful stimuli, to train the body to respond to
situations.
Question 5 options:
True
False
Question 6 (1 point)
During EDA recordings, we normal expect the EDA value to
correlate with heart rate values. In Table 1, the EDA values for
Wendy increase during the arousal state as compared to the
relaxation state.
Question 6 options:
True
False
Question 7 (1 point)
The EDA, or galvanic skin response, measures how active the
sympathetic nervous system in any situation.
Question 7 options:
True
False
Question 8 (1 point)
Saved
Looking at the data in Table 1, test subject John was not able to
alter his heart rate significantly (more than 5 BPM) between
resting and arousal state.
Question 8 options:
False
TRUE
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