Create an Annotated Bibliography, writing a three-to-four-paragraph appraisal of each article from the 10 references you gathered for the Module 4 attached. There should be a title page and then these sources should be listed according to APA 7th edition guidelines excluding the reference page. Each individual annotation should be followed by the corresponding appraisal. Look for relevant literature on a topic of interest to you paying attention to the methods of collecting and analyzing data and ethical research practices.
1
Antibiotic Use in Healthcare
HCM505-10027
Research Methodology in health
Selecting Sources, Module 4
110 points
G230003381
Eman Alanazi
21/09/2023
2
Antibiotic Use in Healthcare
Review
Over the years, antibiotics have proven to be a critical category of medication in healthcare
as their use in the management of various medical conditions has become well-defined. Presently,
this category of drugs has become popular in addressing incurable life-threatening infections. For
instance, Pollack and Srinivasan (2019) indicate that the influence of antibiotics has tremendously
grown in advanced cancer treatment and organ transplants. In general, antibiotics are beneficial to
public health. However, some studies that looked into their adverse effects on patients who use
them paint an equally dark side that requires a lot of research. For instance, Pollack and Srinivasan
(2019) point out that around 30% of antibiotics provided in hospitals are either unneeded or
inappropriate. This fact has resulted in around 20% of patients experiencing major side effects.
This is because, like any other drug, antibiotics also induce negative side effects if used
excessively. Unnecessary usage has also resulted in patients acquiring antibiotic resistance, posing
a public health risk. The article by Pollack and Srinivasan (2019) issues solutions in stewardship
programs that can help the general clinical outcomes of antibiotics and reduce harm.
Antibiotic overuse among patients exposes them to other related complications such as
disruption of the gut microbiome, increased risk of other infections like fungal infections and
multi-drug resistance bacteria, which is a major worry and a growing public health disaster,
diarrhea, and other medical difficulties. Labi et al. (2018) reviewed the use of antibiotics to
increase antibiotic monitoring as a WHO guideline to improve antibiotic usage and reduce
resistance.
3
Nari et al. (2019), on the other, investigated the informal and formal suppliers of
antibiotics, as well as their understanding of the effects and usage, while also analyzing their
behaviors on the same. In general, patients are not well-versed in antibiotic-related knowledge.
There have been efforts to control wrong use, including dispensing antibiotics only with a
prescription, educating patients on the proper use of antibiotics, and reporting suspected cases of
clandestine use to the authorities. However, clumping down on cases of wrong use has proven to
be difficult in markets such as India, where other than healthcare professionals, there are
many untrained and unskilled individuals dispensing and providing information about antibiotics
as part of their routine practice (Metsini et al., 2020). Similar research was conducted in China to
record antibiotic overuse and misuse, why it occurs in rural care systems, and the influence that
non-degree-qualified physicians have on antibiotic misuse and overuse (Chang et al., 2019). This
seems to be a global health crisis as the trend is prevalent in different parts of the world.
Similarly, there are remote areas that lack access to adequate healthcare or skilled
conventional doctors. Aldahmash et al. (2019) investigate the drivers of antibiotic usage among
health workers, whether official or informal, in order to gain insight into why they make
prescription decisions while providing treatment. This research additionally offers information
about patient knowledge, attitudes, and expectations while seeking care (Nari et al., 2019). As Labi
et al. (2018) put it, it is important for patients to know that antibiotics are appropriate when
suffering from bacterial infections and not viral infections. Additionally, they need to be able to
identify the signs and symptoms of bacterial infections so that they know when to seek medical
attention and when to take antibiotics. Infections acquired in hospitals are on the rise not just in
Europe and America but increasingly in other areas of the world. Research conducted in three
Swiss acute-care hospitals sought to minimize infections and the role antibiotics play in doing so
4
(Metsni et al., 2018). The incorrect and inappropriate use of antibiotics results in substantial
expenditures and expenditures. Some antibiotics are administered for viral infections;
nevertheless, incorrect antibiotic usage, particularly in inpatient treatment, has often resulted in
high rates of bacterial resistance, resulting in a public health disaster. Suda et al. (2018) argue that
reducing improper antibiotic usage will potentially lower medicine costs.
Many efforts have been made to enhance antibiotic usage with little success; not a single
approach appears to succeed or provide meaningful improvements, but a mix of different
interventions proves to be more beneficial. For instance, a campaign was aimed at healthcare
workers and patients, and the intervention focused on educational sessions and informational
materials for healthcare professionals and patients from Egypt’s urban and suburban regions
(Kandeel et al., 2019). Comparable research was conducted in Germany to assess the factors of
practice in antibiotic prescription trends. It also assesses the impact of a complicated multiintervention program using a mixed method (Poss-Doering et al., 202) on a sample of health
professionals, including physicians, medical assistants, and stakeholders. The research focused on
the intervention stewardship program for ICU patients who used antibiotics on a frequent basis.
According to Kallen et al. (2018), the ICU is a suitable site to assess the validity of antibiotic
usage. Previous studies have employed outpatient for stewardship program implementation, and
most have left some space for improvement.
5
References
Aldahmash, A. M., Ahmed, Z., Qadri, F. R., Thapa, S., & AlMuammar, A. M. (2019).
Implementing a connected health intervention for remote patient monitoring in Saudi
Arabia and Pakistan: Explaining ‘the what’ and ‘the how .’Globalization and Health, 15(1),
20–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0462-1
Chang, Y., Chusri, S., Sangthong, R., McNeil, E., Hu, J., Du, W., … & Tang, L. (2019). The
clinical pattern of antibiotic overuse and misuse in primary healthcare hospitals in the
southwest of China. PLoS One, 14(6), e0214779.
Kallen, M. C., Roos-Blom, M. J., Dongelmans, D. A., Schouten, J. A., Gude, W. T., de Jonge,
E., … & de Keizer, N. F. (2018). Development of actionable quality indicators and an
action implementation toolbox for appropriate antibiotic use at intensive care units: a
modified-RAND Delphi study. PLoS One, 13(11), e0207991.
Kandeel, A., Palms, D. L., Afifi, S., Kandeel, Y., Etman, A., Hicks, L. A., & Talaat, M. (2019).
An educational intervention to promote appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory
infections in a district in Egypt-pilot study. BMC Public Health, 19(3), 1-10.
Labi, A. K., Obeng-Nkrumah, N., Nartey, E. T., Bjerrum, S., Adu-Aryee, N. A., Ofori-Adjei, Y.
A., … & Newman, M. J. (2018). Antibiotic use in a tertiary healthcare facility in Ghana: a
point prevalence survey. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7(1), 1–9.
Metsini, A., Vazquez, M., Sommerstein, R., Marschall, J., Voide, C., Troillet, N., … & Zingg, W.
(2020). Point prevalence of healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic use in three
large Swiss acute-care hospitals. Swiss medical weekly, 148, w14617.
6
Nair, M., Tripathi, S., Mazumdar, S., Mahajan, R., Harshana, A., Pereira, A., … & Burza, S.
(2019). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use in Paschim
Bardhaman District: a survey of healthcare providers in West Bengal, India. PLoS One, 14(5),
e0217818.
Nair, M., Tripathi, S., Mazumdar, S., Mahajan, R., Harshana, A., Pereira, A., … & Burza, S.
(2019). “Without antibiotics, I cannot treat”: A qualitative study of antibiotic use in
Paschim Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India. PLoS One, 14(6), e0219002.
Pollack, L., & Srinivasan, A. (2019). Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship
Programs From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Infectious
Diseases, 59(suppl_3), S97-S100. https://www.cdc.gov/antibioticuse/coreelements/hospital.html#_ENREF_1
Poss-Doering, R., Kühn, L., Kamradt, M., Stürmlinger, A., Glassen, K., Andres, E., … &
Wensing, M. (2020). Fostering appropriate antibiotic use in a complex intervention:
Mixed-methods process evaluation alongside the cluster-randomized trial arena.
Antibiotics, 9(12), 878.
Suda, K. J., Hicks, L. A., Roberts, R. M., Hunkler, R. J., Matusiak, L. M., & Schumock, G. T.
(2018). Antibiotic expenditures by medication, class, and healthcare setting in the United
States, 2010–2015. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66(2), 185-190.
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
