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Type your sentence. (The original words should automatically disappear; if they don’t, use the
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When you need to insert a new subdivision, place the cursor at the end of the sentence
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style:
For I, II, III, etc., choose Outline 1
For A, B, C, etc., choose Outline 2
For 1, 2, 3, etc., choose Outline 3
For a, b, c, etc., choose Outline 4
NOTE: You will need to manually enter the correct letter or number, and you may need to
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Tab and Backspace keys to align entries properly.
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TROUBLESHOOTING TIP: If Microsoft Word performs undesired formatting—such as
inserting unwanted letters and numbers and changing the indentation—go to Format menu, click
AutoFormat, click Options, choose the “AutoFormat As You Type” button, and deselect (so that
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details.)
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For an explanation of the different parts of an outline, see Chapter 12 in the text.
Banning Jet Skis
Viviana Morello
General Purpose: To persuade
Specific Purpose: To persuade my listeners that jet skis should be prohibited in
national and state parks
Central Idea: Jet skis should be banned in national and state parks because
they make too much noise, harm the environment, and harass
wildlife.
INTRODUCTION
I.
Attention Material
A. This is a jet ski [PowerPoint slide will be shown].
1. Some people love them and want to use them on all waterways.
2. Other people hate them and want them banned.
B. I have a love/hate relationship with them.
1. I enjoyed driving a jet ski on the ocean a few years ago.
2. But my vacation recently at a beautiful lake was marred by the constant noise of jet skis.
II.
Orienting Material
A. More than 1.3 million jet skis (also called personal watercraft) are in use, with annual sales of
about 200,000—one-third of all boat sales.
B. Jet skis should be banned from lakes and other waterways in national and state parks because
they make too much noise, pollute air and water, and harass wildlife.
C. However, I am in favor of permitting them on the ocean and private lakes, provided they stay
away from shallow water.
D. My information comes from The National Parks and Conservation Association; the
Environmental Protection Agency; Dr. Joanna Burger, professor of biology at Rutgers
University, and Dr. Ken Cordell, wildlife expert at the University of Georgia.
(Transition: Let’s examine the first reason why jet skis should be banned.}
BODY
I. Jet skis destroy peace and quiet.
A. People go to national and state parks to get away from noise and enjoy the sounds of nature.
B. A jet ski makes loud, intrusive noise.
1. A person on shore 100 feet away hears 80 decibels (equivalent to a police siren).
2. Two or more jet skis traveling together can create over 100 decibels (equivalent to standing
next to a chainsaw).
3. These decibel levels were figured by the American Industrial Hygiene Association.
(Transition: While jet skis are creating noise, they are also creating an environmental mess.)
II. Jet skis cause serious pollution of air and water.
A. One day’s worth of jet ski production of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide equals what a car
would produce in 100,000 miles.
B. Jet skis have inefficient, two-stroke engines, which dump up to one-third of their fuel—
unburned.
C. Each year 165 million gallons of oil are spilled into U.S. waterways by jet skis.
D. Jet ski emissions can harm humans, animals, and plants, says the Environmental Protection
Agency.
E. A lot of the toxic chemicals are long-lived.
1. Example: polycyclic hydrocarbons can kill zooplankton, an important part of the food
chain.
2. In lakes that have heavy jet ski traffic, fish populations have declined.
(Transition: Pollution is not the only way that jet skis harm animals.)
III. Jet skis harass wildlife.
A. They are so small, they can enter shallow waters.
B. These waters are used by wildlife for reproduction and nesting.
C. Jet skis cause alarm and flight and sometimes death, says Dr. Burger.
1. Many birds abandon their nests permanently.
2. This exposes their young to predators and bad weather.
(Transition: Let’s summarize.)
CONCLUSION
I.
Summary
A. Jet skis should not be allowed in national and state parks.
B. They create noise, cause pollution, and harass wildlife.
II.
Clincher
A. Please sign a petition that I will send to our U.S. and state legislators asking them to support a
ban.
B. When we go to these parks, we have a right to find peace and quiet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burger, Joanna, Ph.D., professor of biology at Rutgers University. E-mail interview. 5 Oct. 2000.
Clemans, John. “Bluewater Blues.” Motor Boating & Sailing Mar. 2000: 56.
“Guide to Personal Watercraft.” National Parks and Conservation Association (Internet site at
www.npca.org). Retrieved 14 Sept. 2000. (The article includes research by the Environmental
Protection Agency; Dr. Joanna Burger, professor of biology at Rutgers University, and Dr. Ken
Cordell, wildlife expert at the University of Georgia.)
Shaw, Robinson. “Environmental Group Pushes Government to Rid National Parks of Watercraft.”
Environmental News Network (press release). 3 Sept. 2000.
VISUAL AIDS
Photo of a jet ski on a lake (PowerPoint slide)
Poster showing three main points
Nolan Urgo
ANTH 2010-300E Biological Anthropology
The proposed subject of my paper is: Extinction of Giant Lemurs on Madagascar
It will be beneficial for me to research this topic because: I have always had a passion for
lemurs and animals of the like as they have piqued my interest ever since playing the video
game, Uncharted. It will be neat to see how it is that giant lemurs in Madagascar came to be
extinct.
My thesis statement (a sentence that states the main points or argument of my topic) is as
follows: The extinction of giant lemurs in Madagascar is mainly due to humans hunting them
for food or forcing them out of their habitats.
I will be approaching the subject and arrange the materials in the following order, this will
reflect the issues involved:
First, I will introduce Madagascar and the environment that held these many species of giant
lemur. I will also talk about what giant lemurs use for habitats and what it is they eat and if they
are prey to any animals.
Then, I will discuss the role that humans played in the extinction of giant lemurs, in that humans
hunted giant lemurs for food and forced them out of their habitats.
I intend to use these sources and the reasons are (websites, journals, media, etc.): There is
enough information in a historical context to come to a conclusion as to why giant lemurs are
extinct in Madagascar.
Here are three resources external to the course content that I intend to use:
ScienceDaily. (2014, December 16). DNA sheds light on why largest lemurs disappeared: Giant
lemurs’ demise linked to size, low numbers. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141216144115.htm
Humans did not hunt giant lemurs into extinction. KANNADIGA WORLD. (2014, December
18). Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/128886.html
Magazine, S. (2015, February 19). Divers discover graveyard filled with giant lemur skeletons.
Smithsonian.com. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/divers-discover-underground-graveyardfilled-giant-lemur-skeletons-180954342/
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