SCS 100: Module Four Major Developments in the Social Sciences
Below are some of the important developments in psychology, sociology, and anthropology. As you
complete your initial post to the discussion board this week, please choose from this list of
developments, events, and advancements. Or you may choose your own topic based on your own
research. You will use the same development in this week’s activity. You are not required to read all
these resources.
Please note that some of these developments involve sensitive topics.
Psychology
Dorothea Dix and the treatment of the mentally ill: Before psychology was its own field and when
mental health issues were treated similarly to medical ailments, with treatments like bloodletting,
Dorothea Dix fought for the rights of the mentally ill.
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)
Dorothea Dix – NCBI (1802–1887)
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Wilhelm Wundt and the first psychology laboratory: Psychology was born out of philosophy and
medicine. The beginning of psychology as its own discipline is often associated with German physician
Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt Biography
Wundt’s Laboratory at Leipzig in 1891
G. Stanley Hall and the first psychology lab in the United States: The first psychology lab in the United
States was established at John Hopkins University in 1883 by G. Stanley Hall. Hall had traveled from
America to Germany to study psychology under Wundt. Upon his return, he used what he had learned
to open the first psychology lab in the United States.
G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924)
John Hopkins University Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
G. Stanley Hall
Founding of the American Psychological Association: The American Psychological Association (APA) was
founded in July 1892, with 31 individuals as members and G. Stanley Hall as its first president. The APA
supports and publishes the research of psychologists around the world, created and maintains a formal
way of documenting resources, shares the latest advances in the field among members, and helps
support the growth of the field of psychology.
APA History
The American Psychological Association: A Historical Summary, 1892–1930
Lightner Witmer and the first psychological clinic: In 1896, Lightner Witmer, who also earned his
doctorate in psychology from Wundt, founded the world’s first psychology clinic at the University of
Pennsylvania. Unlike psychology laboratories, psychology clinics were created and designed for the
purpose of understanding, preventing, and treating psychological-based issues. Witmer is considered
the father of clinical psychology.
Lightner Witmer: 1867–1956
Lightner Witmer and the Beginning of Clinical Psychology
Sigmund Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams and psychoanalysis: While many other people before Freud
made psychology what it is today, the most recognizable name in psychology is probably Freud. In 1900,
Freud published a book titled The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he discusses how a person’s
unconscious can come to light through dreams. Freud also developed a perspective in psychology known
as psychoanalysis.
The Interpretation of Dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams FAQs
About Psychoanalysis
Mary Whiton Calkins, the first female president of the APA: In 1905, Mary Calkins was elected the first
female president of the American Psychological Association. She earned a PhD at Harvard, but the
university withheld her degree because of her sex.
Mary Whiton Calkins: 1905 APA President
Maidie: The Life and Work of Mary Whiton Calkins and a More Inclusive Look at the History of Academia
Mary Whiton Calkins
Francis Sumner, PhD: In 1920, Francis Sumner became the first Black man to earn a doctorate in
psychology. He was mentored by G. Stanley Hall, and his dissertation was titled “Psychoanalysis of Freud
and Adler.”
Francis Sumner, PhD
Francis Cecil Sumner
Francis Cecil Sumner: His View and Influence on African American Higher Education
John Watson and behaviorism: John Watson is an American psychologist best known for the
development of the perspective we call behaviorism. Watson disagreed with the teachings of Freud,
whom most psychologists followed at the time. He believed that thinking, feeling, and awareness of self
are simply psychological changes that occur as a result of experiences. To prove his theories, he
conducted what we know as the Little Albert experiment.
John Watson
John Watson 1879–1958
Watson Launches Behaviorist School of Psychology
Alcoholics Anonymous: In 1935, two men from Ohio, Bill W. and Dr. Bob S., met for the first time. Both
had been deemed “hopeless alcoholics” and were struggling to stay sober. Through their experiences
they developed Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.).
The Birth of A.A. and Its Growth in the U.S./Canada
Alcoholics Anonymous: Still Sober after 75 Years
Nazi persecution of psychologists: While Germany is known for giving us one of the founding fathers of
psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, it is also responsible for many lost years of useful research and
development. During World War II, the Nazis stopped some valuable research that was being done, and
they started to use what was learned about mental illness to exterminate people. Please note these
resources address sensitive topics.
Psychology Under the Third Reich
Psychotherapy and the Nazis
Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia
The National Mental Health Act passed: On July 3, 1946, President Harry Truman signed the National
Mental Health Act. This established a National Institute of Mental Health and brought mental health
issues to the forefront.
The National Mental Health Act of 1946
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Army Intelligence Test and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): The original
Army Intelligence Test was implemented in 1917 during World War I. There were two forms of the test:
Army Alpha and Army Beta. The Beta test was used for those who were illiterate or who failed the first
test. The modern-day version of this test is called the ASVAB and is “the most widely used aptitude test
in the United States” (Whiston, 2017, p. 197). The current test can help determine what career field a
member of the military is best suited for.
What to Expect When You Take the ASVAB
Ace the ASVAB Test
Sample Army Intelligence Test, 1917
First drug to treat depression was created: In the 1950s, a drug named iproniazid was first used to treat
depression. It had been used in years past to treat tuberculosis, but when its mood-lifting qualities were
discovered, it was then marketed for a new purpose. Over the years, many different medications have
been created for the treatment of depression, but iproniazid was the first.
A Brief History of Antidepressant Drug Development: From Tricyclics to Beyond Ketamine
A Brief History of the Development of Antidepressant Drugs: From Monoamines to Glutamate
Stanley Milgram and the Milgram experiment: Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist who was
interested in obedience. In 1961, Milgram began an experiment to take a closer look at obedience and
whether people would go to great lengths to obey an authority figure. Please note these resources
address sensitive topics.
Stanley Milgram Psychologist Biography
Stanley Milgram
Philip Zimbardo and the Stanford prison experiment: Stanford University professor Philip Zimbardo
conducted an experiment to look at how power can distort personal identities and values in 1971. He
divided 24 college students into “guards” and “prisoners.” Please note these resources address sensitive
topics.
Philip G. Zimbardo
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment: Philip G. Zimbardo
Sociology
Auguste Comte and the origins of sociology: Comte is considered the father of sociology, and he was
the first to define sociology. In 1830, he proposed “a synthetic science uniting all knowledge about
human activity” (Dictionary of the Social Sciences, 2002). He believed that social sciences had the
potential to better society.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: August Comte
Auguste Comte: Theories & Contributions to Sociology
Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist: In 1852, writer Harriet Martineau was the first to
translate Comte’s writing from French into English. In doing that, she introduced sociology to English
speakers. She also published two sociological works, Society in America and Retrospect of Western
Travel. These are considered to be the “first systemic methodological international comparisons of
social institutions” (OpenStax, 2016).
Harriet Martineau
Society in America, Martineau, Harriet
Karl Marx, conflict theory, and the Communist Manifesto: German philosopher and economist Karl
Marx co-authored the Communist Manifesto in 1848. This expressed Marx’s theory of society and
discussed his rejection of Comte’s positivism. He also presented the idea that social conflict leads to
change in society; this theory is called conflict theory.
Karl Marx
Conflict theory
Herbert Spencer and functionalism: Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher and biologist who, in
1876, wrote about his vision of the correlation between how the parts of the body work together and
how society functions, leading to the development of a theory referred to as functionalism.
Functionalism, sometimes referred to as structural-functional theory, holds that, just as the organs in a
body work together to keep the body going, so do parts of society in order to keep society functioning.
Functionalism
Herbert Spencer
Frank Blackmar and the first sociology class: Sociology was taught for the first time in 1890 at the
University of Kansas under the title of Elements of Sociology.
American Sociological Association: Frank W. Blackmar
The University of Kansas Sociology Department History
Reasonable Department of Sociology for Colleges and Universities
Emil Durkheim and the increase of suicides in industrial cities: As the industrial revolution began in the
late 18th century, the rate of suicides also increased. Sociologist Emile Durkheim studied this
phenomenon. Please note these resources address sensitive topics.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Emil Durkheim’s Le Suicide (1897)
Durkheim’s Theory of Social Class
Founding of the American Sociological Association: On December 27, 1905, about 50 sociologists
gathered at Johns Hopkins University for the first meeting of what was to become known as the
American Sociological Association.
American Sociological Association: History
Lester Frank Ward: First ASA President
George Herbert Mead and the symbolic interactionist approach: Mead focused on how the way people
view themselves is affected by their interactions with others. He believed that there were significant
others and generalized others. Mead’s approaches are often associated with the symbolic interactionist
approach, although his work was not published until 1934, several years after his death.
George Herbert Mead
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Max Weber, antipositivism, and the first sociology department in Germany: Max Weber wrote The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1904, and in 1919, he established a sociology department
at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany. Weber also codeveloped the theory known as
antipositivism. In this theory, researchers strive for subjectivity as they conduct their research on social
processes, social norms, and societal values.
Max Weber
Anti Positivism
Human zoos: In the mid-1800s, what began as simple curiosity and a desire to learn more about humans
and human behavior of those from Africa turned into what was known as human zoos at the World’s
Fairs and at the Bronx Zoo. Please note these resources address sensitive topics.
Human Zoos: A Shocking History of Shame and Exploitation
Human Zoos: When Real People Were Exhibits
Multiculturalism: In the late 19th century, the theory of multiculturalism emerged. In the theory of
multiculturalism, the presence of several different cultures coexisting in a single society are examined.
Multiculturalism
A Multicultural Society
Multiculturalism: Sociology
Social reform: Immigrants’ rights, civil rights, and women’s rights/feminist theory: Sociology has long
played a strong role in social reform. Three of the main areas of social reform that sociology is
connected to are immigrants’ rights, civil rights, and women’s rights.
Social Reform
Sociology and Social Reform
Immigrant Rights are Civil Rights
Civil Rights
The Women’s Movement
Feminist Theory
Environmentalism: Emerging as a subfield in sociology in the late 1970s, environmentalism is often
viewed as the way humans interact with their environment and the protection of the environment.
Environmentalism
Environmental sociology
Michel Foucault: Michel Foucault was a 20th-century French philosopher and historian whose impact has
been felt through many academic fields. He sought to connect the philosophies of history and sociology
with psychology and medicine. He also worked to uncover the roots of concepts like rationality,
knowledge, and power.
Michel Foucault: French Philosopher and Historian
Michel Foucault
Jean-Francois Lyotard and postmodernism: In the late 20th century, French philosopher and sociologist
Jean Francois Lyotard believed that the better future promised by Marxism was no longer our destiny in
this postmodern age. His theories are known as postmodernism.
Postmodernism: An Introduction for A-Level Sociology Students
Jean-Francois Lyotard
The Bell Curve: In 1994, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray wrote The Bell Curve to explain the
distribution of intelligence in America.
Charles Murray Bell Curve in Hour
Breaking Down the Bell Curve
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies: This 1997 book by evolutionary biologist Jared
Diamond discusses environmental factors that helped shaped our society today.
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel: Jared Diamond on Geography as Power
Anthropology
Anthropology as we know it was formed: The discipline was formally established in the 1860s due to
advances in biology and archaeology.
History of Anthropology
Anthropology
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, and evolutionary theory: In 1859, Charles Darwin, published The
Origin of Species, in which he discussed what he called natural selection. In natural selection, only
certain species of plants and animals, including humans, survive while others perish. This is viewed as
evolutionary theory.
What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?
Charles Darwin
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor and cultural anthropology: English anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Tylor is
known as the founder of cultural anthropology. In 1871, Tylor published Primitive Culture, which
contains one of the earliest and clearest definitions of culture.
Edward B. Tylor
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor British anthropologist
Society for Cultural Anthropology: History
Sir James George Frazer and The Golden Bough: The Golden Bough is an 1890 book written by Sir James
George Frazer, a social anthropologist, that discusses the origins of the world’s myths, rituals, and
religions.
The Golden Bough by Sir James George Frazer
The Golden Bough: Work by Frazer
Franz Boas and the principle of cultural relativism: At the beginning of the 20th century, German
American anthropologist Franz Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism. This states that
culture is not passed on from generation to generation through genes but rather through learned
behaviors coming from language, art, and ritual.
Franz Boas
Cultural Relativism
Oral History
Bronisław Malinowski and social anthropology: Malinowski is a 20th century anthropologist credited as
being the founder of social anthropology. Malinowski is also known as for his studies of cultural and
social change.
Bronisław Malinowski
Social Anthropology
Claude Lévi-Strauss and Structuralism: French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss is known as the
creator of structuralism. In the early 20th century, Lévi-Strauss stated that minds are all structured the
same, regardless of culture, and because of this there are some universal patterns in cultures.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Structuralism
Margaret Mead: American anthropologist Margaret Mead published 23 books, including Coming of Age
in Samoa (1928), Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World (1949), and Anthropology:
A Human Science (1964). She popularized anthropology in the United States with her column in the
magazine Redbook.
Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead: American Anthropologist
Margaret Mead Interview on Cultural Anthropology (1959)
Archaeology: This is the study of human cultures through artifacts like writings, paintings, pottery, toys,
religious icons, buildings, and funerary items.
Archaeology
Archaeological Anthropology
Archaeology and Anthropology: Past, Present and Future
Clifford Geertz and symbolic anthropology: 20th-century American anthropologist Clifford Geertz is
known for his contributions to social and cultural theory. He was also a proponent of symbolic
anthropology.
Clifford Geertz
Clifford Geertz: American Anthropologist
Clifford Geertz: Work and Legacy
Linguistic anthropology: This branch of anthropology looks at the origin, development, and structure of
human language and how language is shaped by culture. This field also looks at the etymology of words.
Society for Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Biological anthropology: Biological anthropologists look at human physical anatomy and use that to try
to understand evolution, physical diversity, and our relation to animal species.
Biological Anthropology
Psychological anthropology: This is the study of how emotions, motivations, and other mental
processes are shaped by the culture in which one lives.
Psychological Anthropology
Psychological Anthropology
Ethnomusicology: This is the study of music as it relates to culture.
Ethnomusicology
About Ethnomusicology
Visual anthropology: This is the study and production of photography, film, and media that is connected
to the customs and habits of cultures.
Society for Visual Anthropology
Principles of Visual Anthropology
Medical anthropology: This is the study of how culture can influence sickness, healing, medical
practices, and health.
Society of Medical Anthropology
Medical Anthropology
Forensic anthropology: Also known within the field as forensics, this is the study of human remains and
skeletal analysis. This may be used to study ancient cultures or to solve criminal cases.
Forensic Anthropology
What Do Forensic Anthropologists and Detectives Have in Common?
References
Calhoun, C. (Ed.). (2002). Sociology. In Dictionary of the social sciences. Oxford University Press.
OpenStax. (2016). Excerpt adapted from Introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). Rice University.
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/32302/13096,3/
Whiston, C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.
SCS 100 Module Three Activity Template
Replace the bracketed text below with your responses. Support your responses with specific
details and examples from your advertisements. You do not need to conduct outside research, but
if you use sources, cite them using APA style.
Describe how groups and/or cultures are presented in all your advertisements.
•
Body type
o The individuals in the advertisement represent diverse body types, showcasing
different shapes and sizes. (SNHU A11y Remediated Videos). The group/culture
that is being presented in this advertisement is those who use dance as a form of
expression of their feelings.
•
Make space for women.
o The advertisement features women astronauts, challenging the idea that there is
not enough space for women (SNHU A11y Remediated Videos, 0:14). The
advertisement promotes equal opportunities and breaks gender barriers in
scientific fields. The group/culture represented in this video is feminists.
•
Let it out
o The advertisement shows individuals of different backgrounds releasing their
emotions in nature. This video represents a group of individuals during the covid
pandemic lockdown that were frustrate(SNHU A11y Remediated Videos, 0:22).
•
Empowering idents
o The advertisement portrays individuals with various identities and experiences,
including overcoming disability (SNHU A11y Remediated Videos, 0:16).
Moreover, individuals are embracing their uniqueness and challenging societal
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beauty standards. The group/culture that is being represented in this video are the
disabled.
Describe the representation of stereotypes in all your advertisements.
•
Body type
o There are no explicit stereotypes present in the advertisement. The advertisement
promotes embracing individuality and celebrating the diversity of body shapes
and sizes.
•
Make space for women.
o The advertisement challenges the stereotype that space exploration is
predominantly male-dominated by portraying women astronauts and promoting
equal opportunities.
•
Let it out
o There are no stereotypes present in the advertisement. The advertisement
highlights the act of releasing emotions and finding solace in nature without
relying on any cultural or gender stereotypes.
•
Empowering idents
o The advertisement challenges societal beauty standards and stereotypes by
featuring individuals who confidently embrace their uniqueness and overcome
challenges, opposing stereotypes related to disability and identity.
Discuss how your beliefs, assumptions, and/or values may have influenced how you
analyzed your advertisements.
•
As an individual analyzing the advertisements, my beliefs, assumptions, and values may
have influenced my analysis. For example, if I held a strong belief in gender equality, I
2
may have been more persuaded to view the “Make space for women” advertisement
positively and emphasize the empowerment of women in traditionally male-dominated
fields.
References
SNHU A11y Remediated Videos. (2021, November 29). Body Type You. Tube.
SNHU A11y Remediated Videos. (2021, November 29). Makespaceforwomen [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAy5d9Tp00M
SNHU A11y Remediated Videos. (2021, December 1). Empowering Idents [Video]. YouTube.
SNHU A11y Remediated Videos. (2021, December 3). Let it Out! [Video]. YouTube.
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