1. De ne lymph and explain its function.
2. Name the two lymphatic ducts and the areas of the body each of them drain.
3. Describe the structure of the lymph node.
4. Explain the defense function of the lymph node.
5. Locate the thymus gland in the body and list its functions.
6. Name and locate three types of tonsils.
7. Give the location and function of the spleen.
8. Explain the types of innate immunity.
9. Name and di erentiate between the four types of adaptive immunity.
10. Explain how antibodies and antigens di er.
11. Explain the role of complement in the immune system.
12. Explain the role of macrophages in the immune system.
13. Explain the development and functioning of B cells.
14. Explain the development and functioning of T cells.
15. Di erentiate between humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity.
16. Di erentiate between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries. Explain how the
di erences in their structure relate to their function.
17. Explain the role of lymph nodes in the possible spread of cancer.
18. Explain some possible reasons to avoid surgical removal of the tonsils.
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1. ________ is the uid that leaves the blood capillaries and may eventually be returned to the
blood through lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ________.
3. Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the
________.
4. The enlarged, pouchlike structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is
called the ________.
5. The function of the ________ is to lter and clean the lymph.
6. The many lymphatic vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ________ vessels. The
single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ________ vessel.
7. The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ________. It also produces the
hormone ________.
8. Three types of tonsils are the ________ tonsils, the ________ tonsils, and the ________
tonsils.
9. The largest lymphoid organ is the ________.
10. The signs of ________ are heat, redness, pain, and swelling.
11. ________ kills threatening cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts
the sodium and water balance.
12. Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.
13. The immunity that develops against polio after a person receives a polio vaccination is an
example of a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active arti cial immunity
d. passive arti cial immunity
14. The immunity that is given to the fetus or newborn by the immune system of the mother is
an example of a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active arti cial
immunity d. passive arti cial immunity
15. The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual’s
immune system is an example of a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c.
active arti cial immunity d. passive arti cial immunity
16. The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of a. active
natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active arti cial immunity d. passive arti cial
immunity
17. ________ produces antibodies
18. ________ some develop into plasma cells
19. ________ the main cell involved in cell-mediated immunity
20. ________ the main cell involved in humoral immunity
21. ________ develops in the thymus gland
22. ________ moves to the site of the antigen and releases cell poison
23. ________ divides rapidly into clones once it is activated
24. ________ releases a substance that attracts macrophages
25. ________ some of these cells develop into memory cells
1. Di erentiate between the respiratory membrane and the respiratory mucosa.
2. List the functions of the paranasal sinuses.
3. List the organs of the upper respiratory system and brie y describe the function of each
organ.
4. List the organs of the lower respiratory system and brie y describe the function of each
organ.
5. Describe the function of the auditory tube.
6. Describe the function of the epiglottis.
7. Describe, in decreasing order of size, the structures that make up the air tubes of the lung.
8. Describe the pleura and the function of pleural uid.
9. Di erentiate between external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.
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10. Explain the mechanical process of inspiration.
11. Explain the mechanical process of expiration.
12. De ne the term partial pressure (P) of a gas and explain how the partial pressure of oxygen
(Po2) and carbon dioxide (Pco2) in uence their di usion.
13. Explain how gas is exchanged between the lung and the blood, and between the blood and
the tissues.
14. Name the form that oxygen is carried in the blood. Name how carbon dioxide is carried in
the blood.
15. Name and explain the volumes that make up vital capacity.
16. Explain the function of chemoreceptors in regulating respiration.
17. Explain the function of stretch receptors in the lung.
18. Explain the e ect smoking has on the body’s ability to remove trapped material in the
respiratory mucosa.
19. The developing fetus does not produce lung surfactant until late in its development. Explain
what problem a premature infant would have if born before surfactant had been produced.
20. Explain the role of other systems in the regulation of respiration.
21. Carbon monoxide (CO) binds more strongly to the hemoglobin (Hb) than O2 binds to Hb.
Consider this fact in explaining how breathing CO can cause serious health problems, possibly
leading to death.
1. The organs of the respiratory system are structured to perform two basic functions:
________ and ________.
2. The upper respiratory tract consists of the ________, the ________, and the ________.
3. The lower respiratory tract consists of the ________, the ________, and the ________.
4. The membrane that separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the surrounding
capillaries is called the ________.
5. The membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system is
called the ________.
6. The frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid cavities make up the ________.
7. The ________ sacs drain tears into the nasal cavity.
8. The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify the air.
9. The ________ is the structure that can also be called the throat.
10. The ________ is also called the voice box.
11. The ________ is the large air tube in the neck.
12. The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are
the ________, ________, ________, and the ________.
13. ________ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in
the alveoli.
14. The right lung is made up of ________ lobes, whereas the left lung is made up of ________
lobes.
15. The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called ________.
16. The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ________.
17. The ________ is the most important muscle in respiration.
18. Oxygen is carried in the blood as ________.
19. Carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood as the ________ ion or combined with
hemoglobin as ________.
20. The inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the ________ of the brain.
21. ________ are the receptors that inhibit the inspiratory center that keeps the lungs from
overexpanding.
22. ________ are the receptors that modify respiratory rates by responding to the amount of
carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acid levels in the blood.
23. The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lung during normal breathing is called
________ volume.
24. The three volumes that make up vital capacity are ________, ________, and ________.
25. The volume included in total lung capacity but not vital capacity is ________ volume.
1. Name and describe the four layers of the wall of the GI tract.
2. Name the function of the uvula and soft palate.
3. Explain the function of the di erent types of teeth.
4. Describe the three main parts of a tooth.
5. Name the three pairs of salivary glands and describe where the duct from each enters the
mouth.
6. Name the functions of the cardiac and pyloric sphincter muscles.
7. De ne peristalsis.
8. Explain how bile from the liver and gallbladder reaches the small intestine. What is the
function of cholecystokinin?
9. List what is contained in pancreatic juice.
10. Describe what the bacteria in the large intestine contribute to the body.
11. List the seven subdivisions of the large intestine.
12. Describe the mesentery and the greater omentum.
13. Di erentiate between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
14. Brie y describe the process of carbohydrate digestion.
15. Brie y describe the process of lipid digestion.
16. Brie y describe the process of protein digestion.
17. Explain the process of absorption and brie y describe what function the lacteals have in
absorption.
18. What structures in the small intestine increase the internal surface area? What advantage is
gained by this increase in surface area?
19. Bile does not cause a chemical change; what is the e ect of bile on lipids and why does
this make lipid digestion more e cient?
20. Some people are lactose intolerant. This means they are unable to digest lactose sugar.
What enzyme is probably not functioning properly and what types of food should these people
try to avoid?
21. Christy had her gallbladder removed and is wondering how this will a ect her lipid
digestion. What could you tell her?
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1. Ingested food undergoes three kinds of processing in the body. All cells perform
metabolism, but ________ and ________ are performed by the digestive system.
2. The ________ layer of the wall of the GI tract produces peristalsis.
3. The ________ layer of the wall of the GI tract contains blood vessels and nerves.
4. ________ is the innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract.
5. ________ is the outermost layer of the wall of the GI tract.
6. The ________ and ________ prevent material from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth
when food is swallowed.
7. The three main parts of a tooth are ________, ________, and ________.
8. The names of the three pairs of salivary glands are the ________, the ________, and the
________.
9. The tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach is the ________.
10. The three divisions of the stomach are the ________, the ________, and the ________.
11. The three divisions of the small intestine are the ________, the ________, and the ________.
12. The tiny, ngerlike projections covering the plicae of the small intestine are called ________.
13. The lymphatic vessel in the villi is called the ________.
14. The common bile duct is formed by the union of the ________ from the liver and the
________ from the gallbladder.
15. The part of the large intestine between the ascending and descending colon is the
________.
16. The part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum is called the
________.
17. The two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum are the ________ and the ________.
18. The process by which digested nutrients are moved from the digestive system to the
circulating uids is called ________.
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19. ________ emulsi cation
20. ________ amylase
21. ________ pepsin
22. ________ cholecystokinin
23. ________ peptidase
24. ________ cystic
25. ________ trypsin
26. ________ simple sugars
27. ________ amino acids
28. ________ liver
29. ________ lipase
30. ________ glycerol
a. This enzyme is made in the pancreas and digests lipid.
b. This enzyme is made in the small intestine and digests protein.
c. This gland produces bile.
d. This is the nal end product of protein digestion.
e. Bile has this e ect on lipid droplets.
f. This enzyme is made in an inactive form in the pancreas and digests protein.
g. This is the nal end product of carbohydrate digestion.
h. This is one of the nal end products of lipid digestion.
i. This enzyme is made in both the salivary gland and the pancreas and digests starch.
j. This enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests protein.
k. This hormone stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.
l. This duct connects the gallbladder to the
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