BioLab3DNA Lab Report
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The lab report is unique each semester and checks have been put into place to ensure students are doing their own
work. Copying from other students or from outside resources will result in a zero on the accompanying lab quiz.
I. DNA Structure
1. In 1953 the research of James Watson and Francis Crick built a 3-D model of:
2. DNA can be compared to a twisted ladder made of repeating units of:
3. Which are composed of three molecules
4. Compare nucleotides below
Nucleotide
Pyrimidine
Purine
Ring Structure
Examples
5. What is the base pairing rule?
II. DNA Replication
1. How many times does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle and what are the
results?
2. In Ex 2, DNA has unzipped with the original strands on the left and right.
Input the complementary bases that correctly pair with the original strand.
Original strand
G
A
C
T
New base
New base
Original strand
C
T
G
A
a. Are the two DNA double strands identical?
b. What is this type of replication called?
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III.
RNA Structure
1. Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the table below.
DNA
RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands
2. In Ex 3, record the bases of the RNA strand produced from the replicated DNA
strand.
DNA strand
C
A
G
T
RNA strand
3. The above process is called:
IV.
RNA Synthesis
1. How is replication different from transcription?
2. In Ex 4, write the letters for the base sequence of mRNA in the spaces below DNA.
Note that the order is reversed; start with the 3’ end of the DNA strand and the 5’
end of the mRNA strand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Remember, RNA contains
Uracil instead of Thymine.
DNA
3’
mRNA
5’
V.
G
G
T
A
G
C
C
T
A
A
C
T
5’
3’
Protein Synthesis
1. When mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm it attachs to another RNA
called rRNA, a protein assembly site referred to as the:
2. What type of RNA called transfers a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the
mRNA template and what does it assemble?
3. Copy the mRNA bases from above, and fill in the tRNA anticodon bases
mRNA
codon
tRNA
anticodon
5’
C
C
A
G
G
U
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3’
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4. Using the mRNA bases from the previous table write in the codon and look up which
amino acid it codes for from the printable codon chart. The first one has been
completed for you.
VI.
mRNA
codon
CCA
Amino acid
Proline
Genes
1. Describe the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis.
2. A gene mutation in the HbA molecule and its possible effects.
3. What is the probability of two parents, each of which carries the gene for sickle cell,
having a child with the disease?
VII.
Gene Cloning
1. How is human insulin obtained using bacteria?
2. Print the document from Ex 6. Complete the activity along with the video
demonstration. Explain the process of the model you made. Date, Sign and take an
image of your model. Include this image with your lab report.
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Summary Questions
1. Compare these processes:
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Cell location
Molecules
What happens in
this process?
Why is this
important for cell
survival?
2. Compare the three types of RNA in the table:
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Structure
Function
3. The base sequence on one DNA strand is shown. What will be the sequence on the
complementary strand of the helix that attaches during REPLICATION?
DNA
DNA
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3’
5’
A
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C
T
C
A
T
T
A
G
5’
3’
4
Lab 8 – DNA Structure and Function
Print this document for use with sections 5-7.
V. Protein Synthesis
DNA
Triplet
(3-5)
mRNA
Codon
(5-3)
Amino Acid
Specified
ATT
ATC
ACT
UAA
UAG
UGA
Chain
Terminating
CGA
CGG
CGT
CGC
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
GCA
GCG
GCT
GCC
TCT
TCC
CGU
CGC
CGA
CGG
AGA
AGG
TTA
TTG
AAU
AAC
Asparagine
CTA
CTG
GAU
GAC
Aspartic Acid
ACA
ACG
UGU
UGC
Cysteine
GTT
GTC
CAA
CAG
Glutamine
CTT
CTC
GAA
GAG
Glutamic Acid
CCA
CCG
CCT
CCC
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
Glycine
GTA
GTG
CAU
CAC
Histidine
TAA
TAG
TAT
AUU
AUC
AUA
Isoleucine
Alanine
Arginine
DNA
Triplet
(3-5)
mRNA
Codon
(5-3)
AAT
AAC
GAA
GAG
GAT
GAC
UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
TTT
TTC
AAA
AAG
Lysine
Leucine
TAC
AUG
Methionine
AAA
AAG
UUU
UUC
Phenylalanine
CGA
GGG
GGT
GGC
AGA
ACG
AGT
AGC
TCA
TCG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
AGU
AGC
TGA
TGG
TGT
TGC
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
Threonine
ACC
UGG
Tryptophan
ATA
ATG
UAU
UAC
Tyrosine
CAA
CAG
CAT
CAC
GUU
GUC
GUA
GUG
Valine
Codon and specified amino acid
1
Amino Acid
Specified
Proline
Serine
VI. Genes
Hemoglobin A
DNA
PROTEIN
Hemoglobin S
DNA
PROTEIN
A-T
C-G
T-A
THREONINE
A-T
C-G
T-A
THREONINE
C-G
C-G
T-A
PROLINE
C-G
C-G
T-A
PROLINE
G-C
A-T
GLUTAMIC
ACID
A-T
G-C
T-A
VALINE
A-T
,
G-C
A-T
GLUTAMIC
ACID
A-T
A-T
A-T
A-T
G-C
A-T
GLUTAMIC
ACID
A-T
LYSINE
A-T
A-T
A-T
DNA base sequence for HbA and HbS
2
LYSINE
VII. Gene Cloning
Bacterial model
3
BioLab3
Mitosis Lab Report
Name, date, course and section required for password:
The lab report is unique each semester and checks have been put into place to ensure students
are doing their own work. Copying from other students or from outside resources will result in a
zero on the accompanying lab quiz.
I. Mitosis in Eukaryotes
1. Describe how cells divide in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
2. What are somatic cells?
3. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
II. Cell Cycle
1. Based on Lab, Exercise 1, draw and label the phases of interphase and mitosis
including the major events of each stage as shown. Sign, date and prepare an image
of your drawing and include it with this lab report.
2. What percent of the cell life cycle is spent in mitosis?
3. During which stage does DNA replication occur?
III.
Chromosome Replication
1. How does the genetic material of sister chromatids compare?
2. Describe homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and replicated chromosomes.
3. Based on Lab, Exercise 3, draw a replicated, homologous pair of chromosomes. Label
the sister chromatids and centromeres. Sign, date and prepare an image of your
drawing and include it with this lab report.
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IV.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
1. During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center?
2. What happens during telophase?
3. Label the stage of mitosis pictured and indicate the proper order in which it occurs in
the cell cycle by numbering the stages 1-5.
Stage of Mitosis
Order
1. Refer to Exercise 3 in the lab. Print the “stages of mitosis and cytokinesis” diagram
from the end of the document found on an earlier slide. As you go through the
demonstration, draw what the beads look like at the end of each stage. Sign and
date, then prepare an image of your diagram and include it with this lab report.
2. Describe two differences between plant and animal mitosis.
Summary Questions
1. How does cell division differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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2. If the chromosome number of a gorilla is 48 before mitosis, what is the chromosome
number in each nucleus after nuclear division has taken place?
3. What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
4. Which part of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?
5. List the stages of mitosis in order.
6. Distinguish between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes.
7. What would a cell look like if cytokinesis did not occur?
8. Describe cytokinesis in plant cells.
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Mitosis
Section IV. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Interphase
1.The cell first enters the G1 stage in which cytoplasmic growth, organelle development, and
normal metabolism occurs.
2. In S replication of chromosomes occurs.
3. In G2 the spindle apparatus develops and the replicated chromosomes condense.
Prophase
Mitosis
1. DNA condenses to form visible chromosomes.
2. Duplicated chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids attached by the centromere.
3. Spindle apparatus completes formation and centrioles move to opposite poles.
4. Nucleolus disappears.
5. Cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane disappear.
6. Spindle apparatus attaches to the replicated chromosomes at the centromere region during a
transition phase.
Metaphase
1. The centromere regions of the replicated chromosomes align at the spindle equator.
Anaphase
1. Centromeres split and the chromatids separate.
2. Spindle fibers pull separated chromosomes to opposite spindle poles with the arms of the
chromosomes trailing passively behind.
3. Cytokinesis begins.
Telophase
1. Chromosomes gather at the poles.
2. The nuclear membrane begins to reform.
3. The chromosomes begin to unwind and disappear.
4. Cytokinesis is completed.
Stages of mitosis and interphase in animal cells
1
Exercise 3 Construction of homologous chromosomes and modeling of mitosis stages
1. A chromosome is constructed using two segments of pop beads of the same color and a
magnet. One segment consists of 5 beads and the other segment consists of 7 beads on
either side of the magnet. Each colored bead represents a gene segment. The entire strand
represents a chromosome.
2. The other part of the replicated chromosome has been assembled. The two strands of pop
beads are identical representing the two sister chromatids.
3. A piece of tape with the letter “F” is placed on the top beads of the set and a letter “B” on
the bottom beads. These identical strands are joined. The magnets represent the
centromere of the replicated chromosome.
4. Pop beads of a different color are used to construct a homologue to the other replicated
chromosome. The letter “f” is placed on the top beads and the letter “b” is placed on the
bottom beads. The two sister chromatids are joined with the magnets.
5. Two replicated chromosomes that are homologous to each other have been constructed.
They have two gene positions along their length labeled “F”, “B”, or “f”, “b”.
6. Draw the pop beads as shown below to illustrate interphase on the figure called “Stages
of mitosis and cytokinesis” (this will improve retention and provide a great study guide).
Model of a homologous pair
2
Exercise 3 (cont)
Modeling of mitotic stages with pop beads
Mitosis begins with a nucleus that is diploid (2n). The chromosomes are in their replicated state.
7. A chalk circle is drawn around the homologous set of beads on the lab table. This
represents the nuclear envelope. A second circle around the chalk nucleus represents the
cell membrane.
8. Prophase The sister chromatids are still attached by their centromeres. The nuclear
envelope disassociates and the chromosomes condense. This step is represented by
erasing the inner chalk circle around the beads. Microtubules of the spindle apparatus
attach to the centromeres. String is attached to the magnet of each chromatid. Strings are
attached to each chromatid extending to the opposite poles. Draw the pop beads during
prophase on the figure below.
9. Metaphase The replicated chromosomes align along the equator, the centromeres lying
on the equator. Spindle fiber microtubules attach the centromeres of each chromatid to
opposite spindle poles. The pop beads are aligned along the middle of the chalk circle.
The chalk circle represents the cell membrane. Draw the pop beads during metaphase on
the figure below.
10. Anaphase The sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles. After the sister
chromatids separate, each is an individual (not replicated) chromosome. Cytokinesis
begins during anaphase. The two lengths of pop beads are separated at the magnet and
pulled toward opposite polls with the string/spindle fibers. The chalk circle is redrawn so
that it dips inward in the center to illustrate cytokinesis. Draw the pop beads illustrating
anaphase on the figure below.
11. Telophase The two chromosomes are at opposite poles. The nuclear envelope reforms
around each set and cytokinesis is completed forming two cells. Two daughter nuclei
now exist. Each nucleus contains one individual chromosome of each of the homologous
pairs originally present within the parental nucleus. Telophase is illustrated with the pop
beads. A chalk circle is drawn around the beads illustrating a nuclear membrane. A larger
circle is drawn around each nucleus to illustrate the new cells formed by cytokinesis.
Draw the pop beads illustrating telophase on the figure below.
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Stages of mitosis and cytokinesis
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