I just need the following documents completed and sent back to me but you have to write your words and spell correctly.
BIO 136 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Nervous System Lab
I.
Key concepts on the brain anatomy.
Answer these questions after reading the appropriate text in your book, watching any video
assigned, or any other materials.
1. There are four commonly referred to subdivisions of the adult brain.
Name them here:
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. Of course, all the subdivisions can be further subdivided into more specific regions.
A. Cerebrum (telencephalon)
1.
2.
B. Diencephalon
1.
2.
3.
C. Brain Stem
1.
2.
3.
D. Cerebellum
1.
2.
Make a key.
On the image below, indicate the 4 main regions of the brain (A, B, C, & D on the outline you
just made) by outlining them.
II.
Identify the following structures on the Brain Models provided.
(Note: not all structures are visible on all models. Then in the
box provided indicate which area of the brain each is found in
(Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem , Cerebellum). Also
provide a brief description of the structure in your own words.
You may use your text or any ancillaries you wish to including
on-line; however, you must complete the sheet while in lab.
Structure
Longitudinal Fissure
Transverse Fissure
Central Sulcus
Gyri
Sulci
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Corpus callosum
Olfactory Bulbs
Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Area
Description
Intermediate Mass
Midbrain
Corpora Quadrigemina
Pons
Medulla
Pyramids
Cerebellum
Vermis
Folia
Arbor vitae
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
III. Key concepts on the cranial nerves
Answer these questions after reading the appropriate text in your book, watching any video
assigned, or any other materials.
1. List the cranial nerves in order, starting with the anterior-most. Give yourself some room,
because you’ll be adding text under each name:
2. Under each cranial nerve name, write a short descriptive phrase explaining what each
nerve does. There is a list on the next page that will allow you to check your list;
however, you should try to make your list on your own.
3. Now check your list with the list on the following page. (Darned! You mean there was a
list on the next page!!! Why don’t I read ahead?)
More on next page
Cranial Nerve Organization Table
Cranial Nerve:
Major Functions:
I
Olfactory
Sensory only:
II
Optic
Smell
Sensory only:
III Oculomotor
Vision
Mainly motor:
IV
Trochlear
Eyeball and eyelid movement
Mainly motor:
Trigeminal
Eyeball movement
Motor and sensory:
V
VI Abducens
Chewing
Most face and mouth senses of touch and pain
Mainly motor:
VII Facial
Eyeball movement laterally
Motor and sensory:
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Controls most facial expressions
Taste
Mainly sensory:
IX
Glossopharyngeal
Hearing
Equilibrium
Motor and sensory:
Vagus
Taste
Senses blood pressure
Motor and sensory:
X
XI Accessory
Senses blood pressure
Slows heart rate
Stimulates most thoracic and abdominal
visceral organs
Mainly motor:
XII Hypoglossal
Controls swallowing movements
Mainly motor:
Controls tongue movements
Make a mnemonic device to remember the cranial nerves.
A mnemonic (or mnemonic device) is any learning technique that aids memory.
Read
Me
Read
Me
Read
Me
To improve long term memory, mnemonic systems are used to make memorization
easier. They do so by increasing the efficiency of the process of consolidation.
This process involves the conversion of short term memory to long term memory.
Commonly encountered mnemonics are often verbal, such as a very short poem or a
special word used to help a person remember something, particularly lists, but a
mnemonic may instead be visual, kinesthetic, or auditory.
Mnemonics rely on associations between easy-to-remember constructs which can be
related back to the data that are to be remembered. This is based on the observation that
the human mind much more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical,
sexual, humorous, or otherwise meaningful information, as compared to retrieving
arbitrary sentences. Therefore, it is better to come up with your own, rather than
memorizing someone else’s. And make it as funny as you can.
A common way to do this is to take the first letter of each word you need to remember,
and come up with some humorous phrase that uses the first letter. On our list that follows,
we wrote out a mnemonic for the cranial nerves.
Example of a “not funny” mnemonic device:
Mnemonic: Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet…ah, heaven.
4. Write down, in the space below, the mnemonic device you’ll be using to remember the
nerves in order.
Look for trends among the cranial nerves.
Answer these questions after reading the appropriate text in your book, watching any video
assigned, or any other materials.
5. How many of the cranial nerves are involved in eye movement? List them:
6. How many of the cranial nerves are involved with chewing, movement of the tongue, or
swallowing? Name them:
7. How many are mainly or purely sensory? List their name here:
8. How many of the cranial nerves do you think have completely obvious names, given their
function? Below is a list of the nerves, plus a brief description of what their names mean
(mostly in Latin). Place a check next to any name you think is obvious.
I Olfactory – “of smell”
II Optic – “of vision”
III Oculomotor – “eye mover”
IV Trochlear – “pulley” (what is being “pulled”?)
V Trigeminal – “3 bodies” (it has 3 big branches)
VI Abducens – “to cause abduction” (think about what is being abducted)
VII Facial – “of the face”
VIII Vestibulocochlear – “from the vestibule and cochlea”
IX Glossopharyngeal – “tongue and throat”
X Vagus – “wandering” (ask yourself: why does it have this name??)
XI Accessory – “helper”
XII Hypoglossal – “below the tongue”
9. In Anatomy and Physiology class, you are going to hear a lot about the “vagal tone” of
many visceral organs. What do you suppose this means?
10. Find the cranial nerves on the models and make a key for yourself on the image below:
IV. Identify the following structures on the Spinal Cord Models
Add a picture of the spinal cord and label the following:
Central Canal
Posterior Median sulcus
Gray commissure
Posterior Horn
Lateral Horn
Anterior Horn
Anterior Median Fissure
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Lateral funiculus (column)
Anterior Funiculus (column)
Posterior Funiculus(column)
Lab: Sheep Brain Dissection
Sheep brains, although much smaller than human brains, have similar features and can be a valuable addition
to anatomy studies. See for yourself what the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, gray matter, white
matter, and other parts of the brain look like!
Observation: External Anatomy
1. You’ll need a preserved sheep brain for the dissection. Set the brain down so the flatter side, with the
white spinal cord at one end, rests on the dissection pan. Notice that the brain has two halves,
or hemispheres. Can you tell the difference between the cerebrum and the cerebellum?
2. Look for “folding” on the outer layers (the
cerebral cortex) of the cerebrum. Identify
ridges (called gyri) and grooves (sulci) in
the cerebral cortex. What functions might
this “folding” provide for the brain? What
does this tell you about the importance of the
gray matter in the cerebral cortex?
3. Observe the layer of protective tissue
covering the brain. This is made up of the
meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater,
and pia mater). Can you identify the three
layers? Can you see the dark blood
vessels just beneath the meninges?
4. Turn the brain over. You’ll probably be
able to identify the medulla oblongota (also
called the medulla), pons, midbrain, two
optic nerves at the optic chiasm (where
they cross to opposite hemispheres), and
olfactory bulbs.
5. Find the olfactory bulb on each
hemisphere. These will be slightly smoother
and a different shade than the tissue around
them. The olfactory bulbs control the sense
of smell. The nerves to the nose are no
longer connected, but you can see “nubby”
ends where they were. The nerves to your
mouth and lower body are attached to the
medulla. The nerves to your eyes are connected to the optic
chiasm. See if you can find some of the nerve stubs.
Dissection: Internal Anatomy
1. Use a scissors to cut through the meninges (these tissues are
quite tough). Carefully “peel” the meninges away from the brain,
trying not to pull other structures away with them.
1
Lab: Sheep Brain Dissection
2. Place the brain with the curved top side of the cerebrum facing up. Use a scalpel to make a vertical
section separating the two hemispheres. Slice through the brain along the center line, starting at the
cerebrum and going down through the cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla, and pons. Separate the two
halves (hemispheres) of the brain and lay them with the inside facing up.
3. Use the labeled picture and
information below to identify the
parts/regions of the brain as well as
the hypothalamus and two
Endocrine glands: the pineal gland
and the pituitary gland (in many
preserved specimens the pituitary
gland is no longer present. It is not
pictured, but try to locate the place
where it attaches to the brain). The
pituitary gland protrudes from the
bottom of the hypothalamus (hint:
“hypo” means below – the
hypothalamus sits “below” the
thalamus).Use your fingers or a
teasing needle to gently probe the
parts and see how they are
connected to each other. What does the opening inside the
corpus callosum lead to? How many different kinds of tissue
can you see and feel?
4. Locate and identify these structures:
The corpus callosum is a bundle of white fibers that
connects the two hemispheres of the brain, providing
coordination between the two.
The medulla is located right under the cerebellum. Here,
the nerves cross over so the left hemisphere controls the
right side of the body and vice versa. This area of the
brain controls the vital functions like heartbeat and
respiration (breathing).
The pons is next to the medulla. It serves as a bridge
between the medulla and the upper brainstem, and it
relays messages between the cerebrum and the
cerebellum.
The pituitary gland (part of the Endocrine System), which
produces important hormones, is a sac-like area that
attaches to the brain between the pons and the optic
chiasm. This may or may not be present on your specimen.
The pineal gland (part of the Endocrine System) produces hormones affecting modulation of
wake/sleep patterns and seasonal fluctuations.
Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The occipital lobe receives and interprets visual sensory messages
The temporal lobe is involved in hearing and smell. You can find this by looking on the outside of one
of the hemispheres. You will see a horizontal groove called the lateral fissure. The temporal lobe is
the section of the cerebrum below this line.
2
Lab: Sheep Brain Dissection
The frontal lobe also plays a part in smell, plus dealing with motor function
The parietal lobe handles all the sensory info except for vision, hearing, and smell.
The thalamus is a “relay station” for sensory information. It receives messages from the
nerve axons and then transmits them to the appropriate parts of the brain.
The diencephalon is the region made up of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and
the third ventricle.
The pineal gland produces hormones affecting sleep/wake patterns and seasonal fluctuations.
5. Look closely at the inside of the cerebellum. You should see a branching “tree” of lighter tissue
surrounded by darker tissue. The branches are white matter, which is made up of nerve axons.
The darker tissue is gray matter, which is a collection of nerve cell bodies. You can see gray and
white matter in the cerebrum, too, if you cut into a portion of it. The cerebellum serves as the
“autopilot,” controlling body movement and balance.
6. Make a transverse section through the brain (cut perpendicular to the vertical section you
originally made to separate the two hemispheres of the brain.
Look for the “folds” in the cerebral cortex. Identify the sulci (singular sulcus) and gyri (singular
gyrus). How do these folds affect the total area of the cerebral cortex? Why is this important?
Make sure you can answer this question!!
Look for gray matter at the outer edges of the cerebral hemispheres (at the cerebral
cortex). This contains neuron cell bodies.
Note: to get the most from your dissection, try to
1. Do a compare contrast with the human brain models
2. Study the meninges carefully, since this is your best chance to see these, as
our models do not have the best meninges visible.
3. Practice the external landmarks.
4. Look for the pituitary, vermis, and other small structures on the sheep brain,
as they may show up differently in an actual brain.
3
Lab: Sheep Brain Dissection
Label the Parts of a Sheep Brain to test your knowledge of sheep brain anatomy.
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