Make sure you work out of the same document that I send you. Another thing I noticed was that you did not discuss the Dominguez (2022) and Kling (2020) studies. I had included those references in the religious. That is your next task. Describe those studies in the religious coping section. That will be your only task
Abstract
Religious Coping, Human Virtues, and Perceived Social Support as Protective Factors
Against Vicarious Trauma Among Health Care Providers
by
Jacqueline Friar
MA, [university], 20XX
BS, [university], 20XX
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
[name of program]
Walden University
[last month of term you graduate] 20XX
Abstract
Insert abstract here; it should be no more than one page in length. Abstract text must be
double-spaced with no paragraph indents or breaks. Describe the overall research
problem being addressed in the first couple of sentences and indicate why it is important
(e.g., who would care if the problem is solved). You can include a general introduction of
the issue in the first sentence, but you need to move to a clear statement of the research
problem being addressed. Identify the purpose and theoretical foundations, if appropriate,
summarize the key research question(s), and briefly describe the overall research design,
methods and data analytic procedures. Identify the key results, one or two conclusions,
and recommendations that capture the heart of the research (for the final study; do not
include results and conclusions in the proposal abstract). Conclude with a statement on
the implications for positive social change. Here are some form and style tips: (a) limit
the abstract to one typed page; (b) maintain the scholarly language used throughout the
dissertation; (c) keep the abstract concise, accurate, and readable; (d) use correct English;
(e) ensure each sentence adds value to the reader’s understanding of the research; and (f)
use the full name of any acronym and include the acronym in parentheses. Do not include
references or citations in the abstract. Per APA Style, spell out numbers nine and below,
and use numerals for numbers 10 and above. If a number is the first word of a sentence,
always spell it out. For more guidance on writing this paragraph, consult the abstract
assistance materials on the Center for Research Quality website.
Religious Coping, Human Virtues, and Perceived Social Support as Protective Factors
Against Vicarious Trauma Among Health Care Providers
Jacqueline Friar
MA, [university], 20XX
BS, [university], 20XX
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
[name of program]
Walden University
[last month of term you graduate] 20XX
Dedication
This is an optional page for a dedication. If you include a dedication, use regular
paragraph formatting as shown here (not centered, italicized, or otherwise formatted). If
you do not wish to include this page, delete the heading and the body text.
Acknowledgments
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faculty, family members, and friends who have helped you reach this point in your
academic career.
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leave the section break that you see below this text.
No page number appears on any of the pages up to this point.
Table of Contents
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study (APA Level 0 Heading) ……………………………………..1
APA Level 1 Heading ……………………………………………………………………………………….1
APA Level 2 Heading ………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Chapter 2: Literature Review …………………………………………………………………………………..3
First Heading ………………………………………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3: Research Method ……………………………………………………………………………………3
First Heading ………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Chapter 4: Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
First Heading ………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations ……………………………………..18
First Heading ………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
Appendix A: Title of Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………..21
The Table of Contents (TOC) above must be updated to reflect the headings and
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i
List of Tables
Table 1. Sample Table Title …………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Table 2. Another Sample Table Title …………………………………………………………………….. 16
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ii
List of Figures
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Figure 2. Another Sample Figure Title ………………………………………………………………….. 17
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template. Once you have done this, to update the List of Figures, RIGHT CLICK
anywhere in the List of Figures, select UPDATE FIELD, then select UPDATE ENTIRE
TABLE or UPDATE PAGE NUMBERS ONLY, and click OK. This will populate the
List of Figures with your figure numbers and titles.
If you follow this method, the figure number and title will come in without a period
between them, and there will be a mix of bold, italic, and plain font. Clean up the List of
Figures manually by selecting all of the text and removing bolding and italics, then enter
a period after each figure number and one character space before the figure title, as
shown in the model in the template.
iii
1
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study (APA Level 0 Heading)
APA Level 1 Heading
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style menu that this paragraph is tagged “Body Text.” That means it will automatically
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of the APA manual advises one character space between sentences.
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2
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As you continue to develop your proposal and dissertation in this template, use
the instructions in the comment balloons on page 1 to add new headings and new text.
For guidance on the content of sections of a proposal or dissertation, go to the
Center for Research Quality website and look under the Dissertation Evaluation Tools
documents, then choose the appropriate checklist, which outlines the contents of each
chapter of the dissertation.
For guidance on APA Style rules, go to the Doctoral Capstone Form and Style
APA page, or consult the Form and Style sections of the Dissertation Guidebook.
3
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Vicarious trauma is a critical work-related hazard in health care professions since
the risks may alter how practitioners perceive themselves. This study investigates the
impact of vicarious trauma encountered by health care practitioners and the nexus
between traumatic history and support systems. Health care providers, overwhelmed by
the work and stress, may have minimal resources left for comfort (Bolić, 2018). This
study highlights the impacts of vicarious trauma among nursing professionals while
offering psychological care to trauma patients. The current literature analysis is relevant
to determine the existing knowledge about the impact of vicarious trauma on health care
professionals. It highlights the modern understanding of the relevance of the study
question by exploring similar studies (Chapelle & Duff, 2003). This chapter will review
the literature search strategy of the study. Having provided the context to the reader, the
study will explore the theoretical foundation to build an understanding of the concept.
Also, I will highlight a conceptual framework to clarify vicarious trauma
conceptualization. Finally, I will review previous empirical studies related to these topics.
Literature Search Strategy
In order to identify relevant scholarship on vicarious trauma, I utilized the
following library databases and search engines: PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES,
Web of Science, ProQuest Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus, Medline. I used
various combinations of search terms to identify relevant articles, including “vicarious
4
trauma,” “secondary trauma,” “compassion fatigue,” “burnout,” “trauma exposure,”
“mental health professionals,” “counselors,” and “social workers.”
In the first step of my iterative search strategy, I searched all five databases using
general search terms like “vicarious trauma” and “secondary trauma.” I next reviewed the
articles’ titles and abstracts that appeared in my search results and chose those that
seemed to be the most pertinent. In order to find other sources, I also looked through the
references lists of these papers.
After reviewing these initial sources, I refined my search terms by adding more
specific terms such as “mental health professionals” and “counselors.” I also utilized the
advanced search options in each database to limit my search to peer-reviewed articles and
to publications within a certain time frame. In cases where there was little current
research or few dissertations and conference proceedings available, I broadened my
search to include related topics such as “compassion fatigue” and “burnout.” I also
searched for relevant books and book chapters on the topic. Overall, my search process
was iterative, meaning that I refined my search terms and reviewed my results multiple
times until I had identified a comprehensive set of relevant sources.
Theoretical Foundation
The framework that grounds this study is Koenig et al.’s (2012) conceptual model
on the relationship between religion and health. The model identifies the belief in the
attachment with God and various human virtues and personality characteristics as
associated with cognitive appraisal and coping styles which in turn predict positive and
negative mental health outcomes. The authors describe this proposal as a theoretical
5
model of causal pathways for mental health based on Western monotheistic religions,
such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The model was developed based on a systematic
review of the empirical literature, from 1872 to 2010, on the relationship between
religion/spirituality and mental and physical health.
Koenig and colleague’s (2012) conceptual framework proposes that religious
beliefs and practices can impact mental health through multiple causal pathways
involving biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. According to the first
pathway, titled “Belief,” religious convictions can affect mental health by fostering a
feeling of meaning, purpose, and hope, which may improve resilience and stress
management. The second track, titled “Behavior,” strongly emphasizes the role those
religious activities, including prayer, meditation, and going to church, can have in
enhancing mental health by lowering stress levels, providing social support, and
developing coping mechanisms. The third pathway, “Biology,” emphasizes how religious
practices may affect biological systems like the immune system, the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis, and neurotransmitter systems, which may lead to improved mental
and physical health outcomes. The fourth pathway, called “Psychology,” proposes that
religious practices and beliefs can affect mental health through mental and emotional
actions like forgiving, being grateful, and feeling compassion, which can improve wellbeing and social connections. The “Social” pathway is the fifth and focuses on the social
support, isolation reduction, and sense of belonging that religious communities and
networks can offer. These factors may improve mental and physical health and resilience.
The sixth pathway, titled “Spiritual,” emphasizes how religious experiences, such as
6
mystical encounters or transcendent moments, may positively affect mental health by
enhancing a person’s sense of connection to something greater than themselves and their
sense of meaning and purpose in life.
Overall, Koenig’s conceptual framework proposes a holistic view of the potential
impact of religious beliefs and practices on mental health, involving multiple pathways
that interact with each other and individual and contextual factors. The conceptual
framework proposes that religious beliefs, coping mechanisms, social support, and
behavioral factors can affect mental health outcomes. This model provides a useful
framework for understanding the complex relationships between religion and mental
health and can guide future research.
This framework is relevant to this study as it explains the relationship between
religion and mental health, two concepts which are central to the proposed research. The
current study assesses the relationship among religious coping, human virtues, perceived
social support vicarious trauma. Religious coping, human virtues, and perceived social
support are concepts directly included in Koenig’s model. Although the model does not
specifically mention vicarious trauma, its main objective is the prediction of mental and
physical health problems. Vicarious trauma can be categorized as a mental health
problem and thus the proposed framework is likely to serve as a viable explanatory model
for this study.
Literature Review Related to Key Variables
The following sections discuss empirical literature associated with the key
variables of the study. The review starts with vicarious trauma, the criterion variable of
7
the study. Subsequent sections address religious coping, perceived social support, and
human virtues.
Vicarious Trauma
Vicarious trauma, also known as secondary traumatic stress, is a psychological
phenomenon that occurs when individuals indirectly exposed to traumatic events through
their work or personal relationships begin to experience symptoms similar to those of
individuals who directly experience trauma (Bride et al., 2007). It is a form of emotional
and psychological distress that results from empathic engagement with the trauma
experiences of others, often in the context of helping professions such as mental health
providers, social workers, first responders, and other caregivers.
Empirical studies have provided significant evidence of the existence and impact
of vicarious trauma. For example, a survey conducted by Pearlman and Saakvitne (1995)
explored the experiences of therapists working with trauma survivors and found that
these therapists reported symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbances, and
emotional numbing are similar to the symptoms experienced by individuals who directly
experience trauma. Another study by Bride et al. (2007) investigated the effects of
vicarious trauma on social workers and found that exposure to traumatic stories of their
clients was associated with increased anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress
symptoms in social workers.
Furthermore, research has also shown that the severity of vicarious trauma can
vary depending on various factors, such as the duration of exposure to traumatic material,
the level of empathic engagement, and the availability of social support. For instance, a
8
study by Adams and colleagues (2006) examined the relationship between the duration of
work with trauma survivors and vicarious trauma symptoms in mental health providers
and found that a more extended period of employment was associated with higher levels
of vicarious trauma symptoms. Another study by Huggard and Wheelock (2017) explored
the role of social support in mitigating the impact of vicarious trauma on counselors and
found that social support from both personal and professional sources was positively
correlated with lower levels of vicarious trauma symptoms.
In summary, vicarious trauma is a recognized psychological phenomenon that can
affect individuals indirectly exposed to traumatic events through their work or personal
relationships. Empirical studies have provided evidence of its existence and impact,
including intrusive thoughts, emotional numbing, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic
stress symptoms. The severity of vicarious trauma can vary depending on factors such as
the duration of exposure, level of empathic engagement, and availability of social
support. It is essential for professionals who are at risk of vicarious trauma to be aware of
the potential impact and take appropriate steps to manage their well-being, such as selfcare strategies, seeking support from colleagues, and utilizing professional supervision.
Conclusively, people who frequently hear or see accounts of trauma and who have a
strong sense of empathy for people who have suffered may internalize the trauma and
exhibit symptoms that are comparable to those of the main survivors. Symptoms like as
intrusive thoughts, nightmares, changes in mood or behavior, helplessness or
hopelessness, and a decline in general well-being might be part of this. Vicarious trauma
can have a serious impact on a person’s mental health, emotional stability, and capacity to
9
carry out daily tasks in both their personal and professional lives. Additionally, it may
result in more stress, burnout, and a general decline in job satisfaction (Huggard &
Wheelock, 2017). People who experience trauma at work need to be aware of the
possibility of vicarious trauma and take precautions to prioritize their own well-being and
seek assistance when necessary. Vicarious trauma can be managed through regular selfcare, setting boundaries between work and personal life, asking peers or supervisors for
guidance or advice, partaking in stress-relieving activities like exercise, mindfulness, and
hobbies, and, if necessary, seeking professional assistance from a therapist or counselor
(Bride, 2007).
Religious Coping
The term “religious coping” refers to the mental, emotional, and behavioral
reactions to hardship founded on a religious belief system (Badanta et al. 2022). Finding
one’s purpose in life, becoming closer to God, experiencing hope and serenity, connecting
with others, maturing as an individual, and learning to exercise self-control are just some
potential results. When circumstances are bad, many individuals look to their faith as a
source of strength. Physical and mental health conditions are often treated using spiritual
and religious practices (Badanta et al., 2022). As a method of coping with their illnesses,
many people turn to religious or spiritual traditions. The patient’s attitude on life and
resilience in the face of treatment-related side effects may depend on the patient’s
perspective (Badanta et.al., 2022). Despite these victories, integrating spirituality into
healthcare still faces several obstacles. Notwithstanding the common perception that
spirituality is an inherently private and subjective realm that has no place in the
10
therapeutic setting, patients’ beliefs can substantially influence the meaning they give to
their illness, their coping strategies, and their decisions about which treatments to pursue.
Spiritually-religious (S-R) coping draws strength from one’s spirituality or
religion to deal with the mental and emotional anguish of facing misfortune Badanta et al.
2022). Having a reason for one’s suffering may make it easier to bear. Many people seek
solace in their religious beliefs and practices during illness, change, or events beyond
their control. Patients’ spiritual beliefs and practices affect their ability to deal with the
disease (Badanta et.al., 2022). Spiritual beliefs and practices provide comfort and insight
for many people, allowing them to make sense of life’s riddles. In addition, these beliefs
and practices typically provide a ritualistic means for addressing the underlying spiritual
difficulties of meaning, value, and connection.
The S-R variables may mediate the reaction to the many stressors that people
experience (Badanta et al., 2022). These factors contribute to a unified worldview,
promoting a more upbeat assessment of life’s pressures. By doing this, people may better
deal with emotional stress in the face of hardship. Although how this is accomplished
varies widely among faiths, all acknowledge the value of hardship (Badanta et.al., 2022).
Not everyone views it as something to be avoided at all costs because of the risk of harm
or humiliation it may bring. One’s connections may benefit from a deeper spirituality in
numerous ways. Hope, compassion, idealism, a feeling of purpose, and the redemptive
potential of adversity are all to be found within one’s inner space (Wortmann, 2020).
Tolerance, togetherness, and group identification are fostered in interactions with others,
or the “interpersonal field.” In the transpersonal sphere, the domain of a higher power,
11
one might rediscover sentiments of unconditional love, appreciation, and the realization
that one is not alone.
A person’s religious or spiritual convictions may provide them with the strength to
face and understand the challenges of life. Evidence from the past suggests that people
with religious beliefs are better able to reframe or reinterpret situations that they feel are
beyond their control (Wortmann, 2020). This, in turn, may help individuals with the
emotional fallout of such incidents. For one’s life to be worthwhile, it must amount to
anything. Illness might lessen one’s appreciation of the world’s significance. This loss and
the person’s search for meaning fueled despair and spirituality. This feeling of meaning
may be provided by the spirituality in the world’s main religious traditions, which place a
premium on liturgy, worship, and prayer. The difficulties one faces in life may cause one
to develop a new perspective. Religion offers a worldview within which one may make
sense of the chaos of daily existence. Unfortunately, not every technique for relieving
stress is helpful.
There are very few articles directly addressing the association between religious
coping and vicarious trauma. Muehlhausen (2021), for example, conducted a study to
investigate potential correlations between faith and the phenomenon of “vicarious
trauma,” which may be experienced by trauma physicians. Muehlhausen employed a
qualitative, hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. Individual interviews were
conducted with each participant. The study involved recruiting 36 medical professionals,
comprising physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. This research aimed
12
to determine whether individuals who practice religion exhibit a higher propensity to
secure employment after experiencing adversity.
According to the study’s findings, irrespective of an individual’s spiritual beliefs
or medical specialization, they possess four distinct characteristics. The author has
identified several recurring motifs throughout the entire publication. Several factors can
contribute to an individual’s well-being, including but not limited to distressing incidents,
spiritual or religious convictions, the importance of support systems, and the
implementation of stress management practices. The research outcomes indicate that a
robust sense of religiosity and spirituality is crucial in aiding trauma experts in
comprehending their past encounters and coping with the current situation. The findings
indicate that trauma physicians may employ religious beliefs as a coping mechanism to
manage stress and mitigate burnout. Individuals can potentially prevent excessive
physical or mental strain and cope with “vicarious stress” through this approach.
Introducing religious or spiritual concepts may facilitate the regulation of tension and the
cultivation of a heightened sense of purpose among employees in the workplace.
Dominguez (2022)….
Dominguez, V. L. (2022). Coping with death, quality of life, and compassion
fatigue among hospice social workers [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences (Vol. 83,
Issue 5–A).
Kling, M. P. (2020). Needs assessment for mental health support towards
emergency medical service (EMS) personnel [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In
13
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering (Vol. 81,
Issue 11–B).
Summary and Conclusion
This study evaluates the effects of vicarious trauma on medical professionals and
how it relates to the past traumatic experiences individuals face. As a way of exploring
vicarious trauma, the study entailed a literature search approach. The approach taken
entailed searching for key words and assessing whether the results lead to the
identification of complete of sources. Researchers like Koenig et al.’s confirm the coping
mechanisms that predict mental health outcomes. Here, we are introduced the existence
of different mechanisms that have an impact on ones mental health. This study is
important as it seeks to analyze the connections between human qualities, religious
coping and vicarious trauma—all which are also ideas of Koenig’s model. The review
concluded that vicarious trauma has an adverse effect on the mental and physical health
of healthcare professionals. One way to overcome this problem is by use of support
mechanisms, such as peer training to help lessen these consequences. This research sheds
important light on the critical function that social support serves in fostering mental
health and wellbeing.
According to the study, it was clear that social support has a critical role to play
against the harmful impacts of stress and adversity. The study also emphasizes on the
value of offering different types of support, which include emotional, informational, and
material help, to boost people’s resilience and coping skills. The study also highlighted
the significance of forming strong bonds and social ties in fostering mental health, which
14
confirmed that social support helps in making people feel more connected, appreciated,
and supported. Overly, this has been confirmed to boost their sense of value and selfworth, which fosters better mental health results. The study also recommends the need for
starting up initiatives to strengthen social support networks and advance mental health
outcomes. We can enhance mental health outcomes and assist people in coping with life’s
problems more successfully by acknowledging the crucial role that social support
This study emphasized on the value of social support and the influence it has on
mental health outcomes, particularly for those who are under stress or going through a
difficult time. From this study, it was clear that victims of mental health need emotional
and informational support to reduce the harmful impacts of stress and enhance mental
health. The study findings highlighted the importance of forming close bonds and social
connections in preserving mental health. From the findings, it was evident that there are
mental health therapies and programs that can help improve social support and lessen
issues brought on to victims whenever they suffer from stress. The findings also
emphasized the need of social support in helping people who are going through difficult
times in their lives develop resilience and good mental health.
15
Chapter 3: Research Method
First Heading
Discuss your research method here. Refer to the appropriate for guidance on the
content of sections in this chapter.
16
Chapter 4: Results
First Heading
Present your results here. Refer to the appropriate for guidance on the content of
sections in this chapter.
Tables 1 and 2 reflect correct APA format for tables. Note that the point size of
table text can be smaller than body text (12 point) but no smaller than 8 point. You may
change the font inside tables to a sans serif font such as Arial if you wish.
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Note. From “Attitudes Toward Dissertation Editors,” by W. Student, 2020, Journal of
Academic Optimism, 98, p. 11 (https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxxx). Copyright 2020 by
Academic Publishing Consortium. Reprinted with permission.
Table 2
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17
Figures 1 and 2 reflect APA formatting rules for figure captions. As with tables,
refer to the figure by number in the narrative text preceding the placement of the figure.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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18
Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations
First Heading
Insert summary, conclusions, and recommendations here. Refer to the appropriate
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19
References
Adams, R. E., & Boscarino, J. A. (2006). Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after
disaster: The impact of exposure and psychosocial resources. The Journal of nervous
and mental disease, 194(7), 485.
Badanta, B., Rivilla‐García, E., Lucchetti, G., & de Diego‐Cordero, R. (2022). The
influence of spirituality and religion on critical care nursing: An integrative
review. Nursing in Critical Care, 27(3), 348-366.
Bride, B. E., Jones, J. L., & MacMaster, S. A. (2007). Correlates of secondary traumatic
stress in child protective services workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social
Work, 4(3-4), 69-80.
Chapelle, C. A., & Duff, P. A. (2003). Some guidelines for conducting quantitative and
qualitative research in TESOL. TESOL quarterly, 37(1), 157-178.
Koenig, H., Koenig, H. G., King, D., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and
health. Oup Usa.
Muehlhausen, B. L. (2021). Spirituality and vicarious trauma among trauma clinicians: A
qualitative study. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 28(6), 367.
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist:
Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest
survivors. WW Norton & Co.
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Wortmann, J. (2020). Religious coping. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp.
1873-1875). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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Appendix A: Title of Appendix
Insert appendix content here. Appendices are ordered with letters (Appendix A,
Appendix B, etc.) rather than numbers. If there is only one appendix in your document,
label it Appendix (rather than Appendix A), per APA rules.
The appendices must adhere to the same margin specifications as the body of the
dissertation. Photocopied or previously printed material may have to be shifted on the
page or reduced in size to fit within the area bounded by the margins.
If the only thing in an appendix is a table or figure, the table or figure title serves
as the title of the appendix; no label is needed for the table or figure itself, and it is not
included in the List of Tables or List of Figures.
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narrative text, other tables and/or figures), label each table or figure in the appendix with
the letter of the appendix and a whole number (e.g., Table A1, Table A2, Figure A1,
Table B1, etc.). Items that are individually labeled as tables or figures within appendices
must be included in the List of Tables or List of Figures. However, because the table and
figure numbering format in this case includes the appendix letter and a numeral, the
Insert Caption method for labeling will not work, and you will likely need to create labels
and add entries for these items to the List of Tables or List of Figures by hand.
If you include in an appendix any prepublished materials that are not in the public
domain, you must also include permission to do so.
Template updated November 2020
22
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