DESCRIPTION OF METHODS AND PROCEDURES7. At what site(s) will you carry out the research?
Research sites will include the Ramapo College
8. Research Project Description:
The study aims to examine the effect of informal social interaction and engagement with
the outdoors on various measures of well-being.
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) Indoor social
interaction (participants working on a jigsaw puzzle for 45 minutes over three occasions
spaced out over three different days), (2) nature walk (participants participate on a
nature walk in a small group for 45 minutes over three occasions spaced out over three
different days), (3) control (participants will complete the outcome measures and will
then participate in workshop on wellness delivered by the students in the course.
9. Describe subjects:
Participants will be college students from Ramapo College aged between 18-21 years
old recruited from the psychology research participant pool.
10. Does your research involve any of the following? (Check all that apply!)
___N/A___ Persons under 18 years of age.
___N/A___ Non-English speaking persons
___N/A___ Deception or Incomplete Disclosure
N/A
Pregnant women, Human Fetuses, and Neonates
___N/A___ Institutionalized persons
___N/A___ Cognitively disabled or impaired persons
___N/A___ Veterans
___N/A___ Elderly/Aged persons
___N/A___Terminally Ill Patients
___N/A___Other
11. What is the population from which you will select your subjects?
We will be using the Psychology research participant pool, which is made up of students
enrolled in introduction to psychology.
12. Will this study screen (select or exclude) participants based on their age,
gender, ethnicity, and/or race?
No.
13. If deception is used please explain why it is necessary and how any risks will
be minimized.
N/A.
14. Describe in detail reasonably foreseeable psychological, social, legal or
physical risk or discomforts that may occur as a result of participating in the
project.
There are no risks associated with this study above and beyond those experienced in
daily activities as a college student.
15. What are the benefits to the subject or to others which may reasonably be
expected from the research?
Participants may gain new acquaintances or friends from spending time over the course
of the three exposures in the walk or puzzle condition. The participants may also enjoy
the activities and feel relaxed during the events. All participants may attend the wellness
talk at the end of their participation in the study.
16. Will the study compensate participants?
No.
17. Informed consent: Include a completed Ramapo College Informed Consent Form.
The consent form will be administered to participants (see below or use link)
(https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jk4gmdDYus87mW6qYSoYYOBORRcytR8S5_TqPmDRfA/edit?usp=sharing)
Participants will review and sign the form if they so choose.
18. How will the confidentiality of participants be maximized?
The names of participants will complete the assessment portion of the study in private
and through an electronic survey. Their names will not be included in any study
materials. The consent form, which will be provided as a hard copy document, will not
be associated with their assessment materials.
19. How will records identifying the subject be maintained and confidentiality
preserved?
Informed consent forms will be securely maintained by Professor Perez in her campus
office.
20. What instruments will you use to collect data?
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M., 1995).
Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, M., 1965)
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)
UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), (Russell, D. W., 1996)
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale Leary (1983)
World Health Organization Perceived Health Question:
How is your health in general?
* Very good
* Good
* Fair
* Bad
* Very bad
21. Will the study audiotape, videotape, and/or photograph participants?
No.
Please sign below to indicate that all information you have provided in this form is
accurate and true and adheres to Fed policies.
Student Signature: N/A (this is a class-wide project)
Instructor Approval:Lysandra Perez-Strumolo, PhD Date:03-09-2023
INFORMED CONSENT STATEMENT
Dear Students,
We are inviting you to take part in a research project about the effects of various activities on
student experience. Our overall aim is to examine activities and their relation to student experience.
Participation in this study is completely VOLUNTARY and CONFIDENTIAL and involves NO
RISK to participants.
Participants in this study will be randomly assigned to one of three groups, each of which will be
assigned a specific activity:
(1) working on activity indoors (such as a table game or puzzle) for 45 minutes once per week over
three weeks
(2) spending time outdoors (such as taking a leisure walk) for 45 minutes once per week over three
weeks
(3) participating in a wellness discussion for 45 minutes once per week over three weeks
All participants in the study will be asked to complete a set of wellness surveys. These will include
questions about yourself that are answered using a scale, such as “very much, somewhat, not at
all.” Completion of the surveys will take about 20 minutes.
During participation, volunteers have the right to withdraw from the study at any time and without
any consequences or penalties. Participants may also ask any questions at any time.
Participants receiving credit for their participation will receive credit for full completion of the
study.
If you would like to volunteer for this study, please sign below to indicate your
consent, and provide information about your course if you plan to use your
participation to earn course credit.
Your signature below indicates that you have read and understand the information in this
form and willingly agree to participate in the study. .
Signature __________________________ Date ____________
Correlations for Health
Please note as you interpret the findings below that perceived health was measured with the World Health Organization Scale for this
purpose. The scale consists of ONE questions (see below):
It is IMPORTANT TO NOTE that a score of 5 is GOOD perceived health and a score of 1 is POOR perceived health.
Health correlated significantly with Happiness, Stress and there was a trend (pvalue between .05 and .10) for its relationship with loneliness.
How is your health in general?
* Very good (score is 5)
* Good
* Fair
* Bad
* Very bad (score is 1)
WELL-BEING BELOW NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
I added it here for contrast to the happiness graph- although clearly the trend is the same and the slack of sig is likely due to sample size
Scales
For the following items, indicate the degree to which each item is true for you, using the scale provided:
1 = Not at all true 2 = Hardly true 3 = Moderately true 4 = Exactly true
Not at all Hardly true Moderately
true
true
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I
try hard enough.
If someone opposes me, I can find the means and
ways to get what I want.
It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish
my goals.
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with
unexpected events.
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to
handle unforeseen situations.
I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary
effort.
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I
can rely on my coping abilities.
When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually
find several solutions.
If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
I can usually handle whatever comes my way.
Exactly
true
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
How is your health in general?
* Very good
* Good
* Fair
* Bad
* Very bad
Below is a list of statements dealing with your general feelings about yourself. Please indicate how
strongly you agree or disagree with each statement.
On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
Strongly
Agree
At times I think I am no good at all.
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
I am able to do things as well as most other
people.
I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
I certainly feel useless at times.
I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an
equal plane with others.
I wish I could have more respect for myself.
All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
I take a positive attitude toward myself.
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
The questions in this scale ask about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, you
will be asked to indicate how often you felt or thought a certain way. Although some of the questions
are similar, there are differences between them and you should treat each one as a separate question.
The best approach is to answer fairly quickly. That is, don’t try to count up the number of times you felt
a particular way; rather indicate the alternative that seems like a reasonable estimate.
For each question choose from the following alternatives:
0 – never 1 – almost never 2 – sometimes
3 – fairly often
4 – very often
________ l. In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened
unexpectedly?
________ 2. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important
things in your life?
________ 3. In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and stressed?
________ 4. In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your
personal problems?
________ 5. In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
________ 6. In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things
that you had to do?
________ 7. In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?
________ 8. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?
________ 9. In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that happened that
were outside of your control?
________ 10. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could
not overcome them?
Below are five statements that you may agree or disagree with. Using the 1 – 7 scale below, indicate
your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate number on the line preceding that item.
Please be open and honest in your responding.
• 7 – Strongly agree
• 6 – Agree
• 5 – Slightly agree
• 4 – Neither agree nor disagree
• 3 – Slightly disagree
• 2 – Disagree
• 1 – Strongly disagree
____ In most ways my life is close to my ideal.
____ The conditions of my life are excellent.
____ I am satisfied with my life.
____ So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.
____ If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.
For each of the following statements and/or questions, please circle the point on the scale that you feel
is most appropriate in describing you.
1. In general, I consider myself:
1
2
3
4
5
Not a very
happy person
6
7
a very
happy person
2. Compared to most of my peers, I consider myself:
1
less happy
2
3
4
5
6
7
more happy
3. Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most
out of everything. To what extent does this characterization describe you?
1
not at all
2
3
4
5
6
7
a great deal
4. Some people are generally not very happy. Although they are not depressed, they never seem as
happy as they might be. To what extent does this characterization describe you?
1
not at all
2
3
4
5
6
7
a great deal
The following statements describe how people sometimes feel. For each statement, please indicate how
often you feel the way described by circling one of the responses below. Here is an example:
How often do you feel happy?
If you never felt happy, you would respond “never”; if you always feel happy, you would respond
“always.”
How often do you feel that you are “in tune” with
the people around you?
How often do you feel that you lack
companionship?
How often do you feel that there is no one you can
turn to?
How often do you feel alone?
How often do you feel part of a group of friends?
How often do you feel that you have a lot in
common with the people around you?
How often do you feel that you are no longer close
to anyone?
How often do you feel that your interests and ideas
are not shared by those around you?
How often do you feel outgoing and friendly?
How often do you feel close to people?
How often do you feel left out?
How often do you feel that your relationships with
others are not meaningful?
How often do you feel that no one really knows you
well?
How often do you feel isolated from others?
How often do you feel that you can find
companionship when you want it?
How often do you feel shy?
Never
Rarely
Sometimes Always
How often do you feel that people are around you
but not with you?
How often do you feel that there are people you can
talk to?
How often do you feel that there are people you can
turn to?
Read each of the following statements carefully and indicate how characteristic it is of you according to
the following scale:
1 = Not at all characteristic of me
2 = Slightly characteristic of me
3 = Moderately characteristic of me
4 = Very characteristic of me
5 = Extremely characteristic of me
_____ 1. I worry about what other people will think of me even when I know it doesn’t make
any difference.
_____ 2. I am unconcerned even if I know people are forming an unfavorable impression of me.
_____ 3. I am frequently afraid of other people noticing my shortcomings.
_____ 4. I rarely worry about what kind of impression I am making on someone.
_____ 5. I am afraid others will not approve of me.
_____ 6. I am afraid that people will find fault with me.
_____ 7. Other people’s opinions of me do not bother me.
_____ 8. When I am talking to someone, I worry about what they may be thinking about me.
_____ 9. I am usually worried about what kind of impression I make.
_____ 10. If I know someone is judging me, it has little effect on me.
_____ 11. Sometimes I think I am too concerned with what other people think of me.
_____ 12. I often worry that I will say or do the wrong things
Links for the scales:
Stress
https://www.das.nh.gov/wellness/Docs%5CPercieved%20Stress%20Scale.pdf
Confidence/ Self-efficacy:
In place of confidence (there is overlap in the constructs) : Generalized self-efficacy scale
https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26768/1/General_Self-Efficacy_Scale%20(GSE).pdf
If we want to look at confidence focused on academic skills, select items from here:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871187120301747?via%3Dihub
Self-esteem?
https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/Self_Measures_for_SelfEsteem_ROSENBERG_SELF-ESTEEM.pdf
Well-Being:
Global life satisfaction scale to assess subjective well-being (From the textbook- chapter 17)
https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/SATISFACTIONSatisfactionWithLife.pdf
Generalized well-being scale:
https://recwellness.uccs.edu/sites/g/files/kjihxj2336/files/inline-files/Oxford-HappinessQuestionnaire.pdf
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale
http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/resources/user-guide.pdf
scale on page 20 above
RYFFS
https://danrobertsgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PWB-Scale.pdf
Guide:
http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/resources/user-guide.pdf
Happiness:
https://ggsc.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/The_Subjective_Happiness_Scale.pdf
Loneliness:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1n3udV4E-VMVtY1ASW4iGotV_e3WkXkU/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=115735086939360247269&rtpof=true&sd=tr
ue
Social Anxiety (not the disorder):
https://www.div12.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Brief-Fear-of-Negative-Evaluation-Scale.pdf
OR
https://psychscenehub.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Social-interaction-anxiety-scale-SIAS.pdf
Select relevant items from:
https://psychology-tools.com/test/liebowitz-social-anxiety-scale
Perceived Health:
Select items from this scale (see page 4):
http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1071941&blobtype=pdf
Or use WHO standard question for perceived health:
How is your health in general?
* Very good
* Good
* Fair
* Bad
* Very bad
Reference: file:///C:/Users/ldstrumolo/Downloads/HEALTH_STAT_6_Perceived%20health%20status.pdf
Another single item measure is here:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00027/full
Mattering:
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