Class:
Foundations of Clinical Psychology
Class book for the reference:
Title: Theories of Psychotherapy & Counseling: Concepts and Cases
Author: Richard Sharf
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Edition: 6th
ISBN Code: 9781305087323
ISBN Code 2: 9781305087323
Originality ReportSafeAssign enabled
Discussion Question 2: Therapeutic Goals (Individual Psychology)
In the history of Adlerian Theory, individual psychology was introduced, emphasizing the importance of social interest and a sense of community. Discuss how Adler’s views provide a new perspective on understanding the relationship between individual growth and social responsibility in contemporary society.
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 3
Jungian Analysis and Therapy
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Influences on the Work of
Carl Jung
Immanuel Kant
Carl Gustav Carus
Eduard von Hartmann
Gottfried Leibniz
Arthur Schopenhauer
Johann Bachofen
Adolf Bastian
–
Georg Creuzer
Eugen Bleuler
Pierre Janet
Sigmund Freud
Richard Wilhelm
–
Slide 1 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
a priori universal forms of perception
universal unconscious
universal unconscious
irrationality of the unconscious
irrational forces in individuals
role of symbolism across cultures
understanding cultures through their
rites and symbols
symbolism in stories
psychiatry – complexes
psychiatry
strong early influences
Chinese writings and folklore
Levels of Consciousness
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Conscious
Conscious
Preconscious
Personal unconscious
Unconscious
Collective unconscious
Slide 2 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Jungian Archetypes
Most important
to Jung
Persona
Anima/Animus
Shadow
Self
Slide 3 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Other important
archetypes
Birth
Death
Mother
Father
Power
The hero
Unity
Some Jungian Archetypes
and Symbols
Slide 4 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Archetype
Symbol
Anima
Virgin Mary, Mona Lisa
Animus
Christ, King Arthur
Shadow
Hitler, Devil
Self
Mandala
Birth
Stork, Infant
Death
Skull and cross bones,
Coffin
Personality Attitudes
and Functions
Attitudes
Introversion- focusing on one’s perceptions of the inner world
Extraversion- experiencing and relating to the external world
Functions
Thinking (judging)- trying to understand the world and solve
problems
Feeling (judging)- subjective experience of feelings
Sensing (perceiving)- one’ view on one’s self and one’s
conscious world
Intuition (perceiving)- having a guess or hunch about something
may arise from the unconscious
Slide 5 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Eight Psychological Types
Slide 6 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Introverted
Introverted
Introverted
Introverted
–
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
Intuition
Extraverted
Extraverted
Extraverted
Extraverted
–
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
Intuition
Function
Strength
Superior
Conscious
Auxiliary
Inferior
Slide 7 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Unconscious
Comparison of Developmental Stages
Freud
Erikson
Jung
Oral
Trust vs. Mistrust
Childhood
Anal
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Phallic
Initiative vs. Guilt
Latency
Industry vs. Inferiority
Genital
Identity vs. Role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Slide 8 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle age
Integrity vs. Despair
Old age
Goals of Jungian Therapy
Individuation – a conscious realization of
psychological reality that is unique
to oneself
Integration of conscious and unconscious parts of
oneself to achieve a sense of fullness leading
to individuation
Slide 9 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Four Stages or Components
of Jungian Therapy
•Catharsis
-intellectual and emotional confession
of secrets
•Elucidation or interpretation
-focus on the transference
relationship
(Freud)
•Social focus
-social needs and needs for power are
addressed (Adler)
•Transformation of individuation -understanding one’s unique patterns
and personality
Slide 10 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Jungian Techniques
•Dream analysis
•Dream interpretation
•Active imagination
•Analysis of transference
•Analysis of countertransference
•Dance and movement therapy
•Poetry
•Art work
•Sandtray
Slide 11 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Psychological Disorders:
Examples of Jungian Approaches
Disorder
Therapist
Patient
Depression
Carter
Young woman
Anxiety neurosis
Jung
Girl
Borderline disorder
Schwartz-Salant
Ed
Psychotic disorder
Perry
_________
Slide 12 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Current Trends in Jungian
Therapy
Educational focus –
public lectures and popular
books
Constructivism (postmodern) –
focus on patient’s view of
reality
Slide 13 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Post-Jungian Thought or Schools
Developmental –
integrated with object
relations
Classical –
adhere to Jung’s ideas
Archetypal –
focus on a wide variety
of archetypes
Slide 14 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Gender Issues and Jungian
Therapy
Jung’s attitudes towards women
Debate about the value of concepts of anima and animus
Pandora as a symbol of male-female issues
Consciousness and unconsciousness raising of women’s and
men’s issues using images, dreams, arts, literature, and religion
Slide 15 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Jung and Multicultural Issues
Widespread focus on understanding customs,
religion, art, mythology of different cultures
Are Jung’s generalizations about culture racist?
Understanding the patient’s culture is a way of
understanding the patient’s unconscious.
Slide 16 Chapter 3
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 4
Alderian Therapy
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Influences on Alfred Adler’s
Approach to Therapy
Immanuel Kant
interest in finding knowledge about self and
others
Friedrich Nietzsche –
will to power (superiority)
Karl Marx
–
socialism
Hans Vaihinger
–
the philosophy of “as if,” fictionalisms
Sigmund Freud
a framework for Adler to develop his own
theory
Slide1 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Adler’s Theory of Personality
Style of life
–
Social interest
–
Inferiority
–
Superiority
Inferiority complex
–
Superiority complex
–
Birth order
–
Slide 2 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
ways of handling life’s obstacles and
achieving goals
interest in and concern for society
and others
infant experiences inferiority at birth,
normal
a striving for achievement
pervasive feeling that one is inferior
to others
inflating one’s self-importance to
overcome inferiority
family microcosm of society, where
individuals learn how to relate to
others
Development of Social Interest
Stages
Aptitude
Ability
Secondary dynamic characteristics
potential
skills, including interpersonal skills
attitudes and interests in a variety
of activities
Environment
Mother – child relationship
Father – child relationship
Relationship with siblings
Relationship with peers at home and at school
Slide 3 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Influences on the Development
of Inferiority
Physical disability
–
organ inferiority
Pampering
–
independence not
developed
Neglect
–
avoid or escape others,
not overcome inferiorities
Slide 4 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Goals of Adlerian Therapy
and Counseling
Psychotherapy
–
To change one’s lifestyle; develop social
interest; decrease self-defeating behavior
Counseling
–
Changes within a life-style – improved
problem solving, fewer self-defeating
behaviors
Slide 5 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Adlerian Assessment and
Analysis
Family dynamics
–
analyze birth order and relationships in the
family
Early recollections
–
memories of incidents that affect an
individual’s lifestyle development
Dreams
–
indicate one’s lifestyle and therapeutic
progress
Basic mistakes
–
self-defeating aspects of one’s lifestyle
Assets
–
strengths, what is right about a person
Slide 6 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Adlerian Therapeutic
Techniques
Interpretations to develop insight
Immediacy
Encouragement
Acting as if
Catching oneself
Creating images
Spitting in the client’s soup
Avoiding the tar baby
Push-button technique
Paradoxical intention
Task setting – commitment to change
Homework
Life tasks
Summarizing
Slide 7 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Psychological Disorders:
Examples of Adlerian Therapy
Disorder
Therapist
Patient
Depression
Peven and Shulman
Sheri
Anxiety, school phobia
Thoma
Robert
Bulimia
Carlson
Judy
Borderline
Croake
Jane
Slide 8 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Current Trends in Adlerian Therapy
Educational programming
–
Broadening approach
more developmental, more
attention to learning theory
Social interests
poverty, homelessness,
discrimination, women’s issues,
AIDS, family violence
Slide 9 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
schools and other institutions
Gender Issues
and Adlerian Therapy
Masculine protest
for men: focusing on masculinity to
achieve power and superiority
for women: a focus on equal rights
Early support of women’s rights
Co-operation Between the Sexes
Emphasis on equality by Adlerians
Slide 10 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Adler deals with the myth
of women’s inferiority
Multicultural Issues and
Adlerian Therapy
Social group identity:
Study of social interest along with individual identity
Issues to consider when working with individuals from different cultures:
Language fluency differences in family members
Cultural identity differences in family members
Geographical location as it affects the social context of the
family
Family dynamics and birth order issues vary across cultures
Slide 11 Chapter 4
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 5
Existential Therapy
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Influential Existential Thinkers
Philosophers
Soren Kierkegaard
Edmund Husserl
Martin Heidegger
Karl Jaspers
–
Problems of human existence
Phenomenology
Awareness of existence
Being oneself
Theologians
Martin Buber
Paul Tillich
Gabriel Marcel
–
Jewish – I-thou
Protestant – Courage
Catholic – Trust
Writers
Jean Paul Sartre
Fyodor Dostoyevski
Albert Camus
Franz Kafka
Slide 1 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Early Influences on
Existential Therapy
Medical Background
Medical and Philosophical
Background
Sigmund Freud
Ludwig Binswanger
Carl Jung
Medard Boss
Alfred Adler
Viktor Frankl
Slide 2 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Recent Contributors to Existential
Therapy
Rollo May
Irvin Yalom
James Bugental
R. D. Laing
Emmy van Deurzen
Slide 3 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Existential Ways of Being
Being-in-the-world – awareness of one’s own existence
Ways of being:
Umwelt – objects, living beings, the environment
Mitwelt – human relationships
Überwelt – the ideal world, derived from spiritual beliefs
Eigenwelt – self-awareness, knowing one self
Slide 4 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Existential Concepts
•Time – past, present, and future
•Anxiety – normal and neurotic
•Living and dying – awareness of mortality
•Freedom, responsibility, and choice – responsibility for leading one’s
life and choosing actions
•Isolation – interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential
•Loving – I-thou relationships
•Meaning and meaninglessness – what is my purpose?
– what gives my life meaning?
•Self-transcendence – going beyond self-interest, beyond our current
situation
•Striving for authenticity – genuine awareness of self and the world
Slide 5 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Existential Development
(May, 1966)
Stage
Awareness
Infancy
Openness to experience, innocence
2 to 3 years old
React to values of others, especially
parents
Adulthood
Awareness of self as an individual
Adulthood
Transcendent consciousness, being
aware of one’s world and how one
relates to it
Slide 6 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Goals of Existential
Psychotherapy
May
–
Experience existence as real
Bugental
–
Take responsibility, become more
active
van Deurzen
–
Recognize one’s own standards
and values
Slide 7 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
The Existential Therapeutic
Relationship
Therapeutic love
–
a form of the “I-thou”
relationship
Resistance
–
not taking responsibility
Transference
–
can interfere with an authentic
relationship
Process
–
alive and fully present
Slide 8 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Existential Therapy Issues
Living and dying – Dealing with the mortality of oneself and others
Freedom, responsibility, and choice – Taking responsibility for one’s
freedom and one’s choices
Isolation and loving – Using therapeutic love to change loneliness.
Being responsible for one’s isolation
Meaning and meaninglessness – Finding the purpose of one’s life
Slide 9 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Psychological Disorders:
Examples of Existential Therapy
Disorder
Therapist
Patient
Anxiety
van Deurzen-Smith
Nathalie and her
son
Depression
van Deurzen-Smith
Catherine
Borderline
Yalom
Anna
Obsessive-Compulsive
Lukas
Female patient with
mirror compulsion
Alcoholism
Bugental
Harry
Slide 10 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Brief Existential Therapy
Bugental’s Six Phases:
Assessment
Identify the concern
Teaching the searching process
Identifying resistance
Therapeutic work
Termination
Slide 11 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Brief Existential Therapy
Not typical existential approaches
Examples:
Frankl
Nurses
Social workers
Clergy
Slide 12 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Current Trends in
Existential Therapy
More organizations of existential therapists
Existential therapy combined with many theories of therapy
besides psychoanalysis
Interest in Frankl’s logotherapy
Relating existential therapy to postmodern thought
Slide 13 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Gender Issues in
Existential Therapy
Gender roles affect the way individuals deal with existential
themes
Life events such as abortion and AIDS effect men and women’s
views of existence differently
Slide 14 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Multicultural Issues in
Existential Therapy
What are the similarities and differences between existential and
Eastern thought?
Does existential therapy overlook multicultural factors?
Do existential issues impact different cultures in different ways?
Slide 15 Chapter 5
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
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