write presentation for final research project
Master of Healthcare Administration
HCM 600 Research Project
Achieving Donor Satisfaction and Motivation to Become a Regular Blood Donor. A
Research Review
Research Project
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
MSc of Healthcare Administration
Prepared by
Name
Supervised:
Name
May 1st, 2023
1
Declaration
I declare that the research project entitled Achieving Donor Satisfaction and Motivation
to Become a Regular Blood Donor submitted to the Saudi Electronic University is my own
original work. I declare that the research project does not contain material previously published
or written by a third party, except where this is appropriately cited through full and accurate
referencing. I declare that Saudi Electronic University has a right to refuse the research project
if it contains plagiarism and cancel the research project at any time, and the student has full
responsibility regarding any further legal actions.
2
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank Dr. Mohammed Alharbi for his invaluable support throughout the
research and project writing process. His insights and expertise were instrumental in shaping
the direction of this project. In addition, I would thank my family, especially my parents,
spouse, and children. Their belief in me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this
process.
3
Table of Contents
Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
List of Appendixes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Chapter 1: Introduction and Objectives …………………………………………………………………………..9
Chapter 2: Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………………………….14
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………..20
Chapter 4: Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
Chapter 5: Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………………28
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32
Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Appendix A ” Checklist questions ” ………………………………………………………………………………39
Appendixes B ” Declaration form ” ………………………………………………………………………………39
4
List of Tables
S. No.
Contents
Page No.
Table 5-1
Screening Criteria
22
Table 5-2
Themes and SubThemes
24
5
List of Appendixes
No.
Contents
Page No.
Appendix A
Boolean operator search strategy (Checklist questions)
39
Appendix B
Declaration
39
6
List of Abbreviations
All of the following abbreviations are to be taken in the context of the study
A Saudi Arabia – KSA
B Blood donation- BD
7
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate strategies for achieving donor satisfaction and
motivation to become regular blood donors. The review included 15 studies published
between 2017 and 2023. The studies were conducted in various settings, including blood
donation centers, hospitals, and universities, across different countries. The study findings
revealed that strategies, such as communication and information provision, incentives,
recruitment campaigns, and donor recognition programs, can significantly impact donor
satisfaction and motivation. Effective communication and information provision were found
to increase donor satisfaction and motivation by improving knowledge, trust, and
understanding of the donation process. Incentives, such as non-monetary rewards and
discounts, were found to positively impact donor motivation and retention. Recruitment
campaigns that emphasize the importance of blood donation and the potential impact of
donations on saving lives can motivate new donors to start donating regularly. Donor
recognition programs that acknowledge and appreciate donors’ contributions can also
positively impact donor satisfaction and motivation to donate regularly.
The study recommends that the implementation of these strategies in BD centers
across KSA can help in achieving donor satisfaction and motivate individuals to become
regular blood donors. Blood centers and healthcare organizations should focus on effective
communication and information provision, incentives, recruitment campaigns, and donor
recognition programs to encourage donor retention and recruitment. These strategies have the
potential to increase the availability of safe blood products, ultimately saving lives.
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Chapter One
Introduction and Objectives
9
Introduction
Blood donation (BD) is a voluntary lifesaving procedure. It is mainly applied to help
save the lives of people who are in need, especially those who have lost a large amount of
blood due to excessive bleeding. Each type of blood donation helps in meeting different
medical needs. Each year, millions of people need blood transfusions. Some people need a
blood transfusion during surgery, while other depends on it after being involved in a
gruesome accident. Some categories of people require blood since they have a disease that
requires certain parts of blood. Therefore, blood donation makes all possible. Blood donation
requires the donors to meet the specific minimum requirements before they decide to donate
their blood. This is the main reason why screening is very critical before donation takes place
to ensure that the donors are eligible for this exercise and, at the same time, help in preventing
endangering the life of the donors. Some of the key requirements for individuals who are
willing to donate their blood is that they must be in good health. The potential donors must
not be feeling unwell or have an underlying health condition. Secondly, individuals must be at
least 16 or 17 years old, depending on the law of the state. There are some countries that allow
individuals under the age of 18 to donate but with the parent’s permission. While there is no
upper age upper limit, the policies of age limit may vary from one donor center to another.
Also, the potential donors must weigh at least 110 pounds which is about 50 kg. Lastly, the
individual must be able to pass the physical and health history assessment. Boland et al.
(2019) outline that background screening is important in blood donation as it prevents the
chances of the blood center receiving blood from people with infectious illnesses, HIV,
hepatitis, or chronic illnesses, which might endanger the life of the donors. Singh et al. (2018)
propose that blood donation centers should come up with a survey questionnaire that they can
use to assess potential donors. BD is a vital part of healthcare, and it has been instrumental in
saving numerous lives. For instance, the United States and other developed countries have
10
recorded a decline in blood collection and utilization, especially since 2011 (Alsughayyir et
al.,2022; Wittock et al.,2017)). This decline continues to threaten the future of lifesaving
procedures as millions of people depend on the collected blood to save their lives. Therefore,
this pushes the need for the formulation of better strategies to appeal the eligible people to
continue donating blood.
However, the recent blood shortages in the healthcare organizations and blood centers
experienced globally continue to threaten lifesaving practices. The shortage of blood supplies
or donation is connected to a range of factors, including myths, fear of the side effects such as
infections or illnesses, fear of needles, lack of proper awareness of blood donation (Almutairi
et al., 2018), medical conditions, cultural or religious beliefs, time constraints, lack of
transportation, and fear of Covid 19 among others (Yahia, 2020; Hakami et al., 2022). Blood
products are an essential factor in the medical and healthcare sphere in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (KSA). Bearing that there is currently no supplementary product for blood transfusion,
the medical and healthcare department has relied heavily on blood donation to realize the
blood needs in the healthcare provision. However, acquiring a study supply of blood products
is a challenge as very few people participate in blood donation, and there is no guarantee of
retention of this limited supply. This research looks at motivational influences for blood
donation, probable barriers to blood donation, and possible interventions to promote blood
donation in the KSA.
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Objectives
The objectives of this systematic review are:
To identify the motivational factors that influence first-time blood donors in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia (KSA) and how these factors differ from those of repeat donors.
To identify the barriers that dissuade first-time blood donors in the KSA and what strategies
can be implemented to address these barriers.
To identify incentives that play in motivating blood donation among male donors in the KSA
and how this knowledge can be leveraged to increase overall blood donation rates.
Research Questions
This study intends to answer the following research questions.
1. What are the motivational factors that influence first-time blood donors in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and how do these factors differ from those of repeat
donors?
2. What are the barriers that dissuade first-time blood donors in the KSA, and what
strategies can be implemented to address these barriers?
3. How do social beliefs, education levels, and attitudes influence the willingness of
people in the KSA to donate blood, and what can be done to address negative
perceptions toward blood donation?
4. What role do incentives play in motivating blood donation among male donors in the
KSA, and how can this knowledge be leveraged to increase overall blood donation
rates?
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Background and Problem Statement
In the KSA, the blood donation system depends on both willing and unwilling
donors. Blood products are essential to healthcare systems, and voluntary, unpaid blood
donations are essential to maintaining the security and sustainability of the blood supply.
Only 5% of persons who are qualified to contribute do so globally, and of those, roughly
half never do so again. This study intends to identify the barriers that dissuade first-time
donors, the factors that predict their retention, and the potential drivers of retention for this
group. This research investigates Saudis’ views, convictions, and reasons for donating
blood.
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Chapter Two
Literature Review
14
Literature Review
The topic of blood transfusions and motivational factors in KSA is widely studied,
with different researchers providing conflicting findings. Some studies led by Alsairi et al.
(2018) indicate that the decline of BD is attributed to the lack of blood donation unfamiliarity
among first-time donors. Moreover, Alsairi et al. (2018) identified that individuals are more
motivated to donate their blood to their relatives or persons they know. On the other hand,
Khadilkar et al. (2022) identified factors like staff attitudes as the major limitations to the BD
in KSA. Therefore, this research focuses on motivational influences for blood donation,
probable barriers to blood donation, and possible interventions to promote blood donation in
the KSA.
In their research, Alsughayyir et al. (2022) were interested in understanding the BD
demography and trends in KSA. The researchers utilized the data collected from the BD
centers across the country between January 2015 and December 2019. In their study,
Alsughayyir et al. (2022) identified that BD in KSA rose over the period of study, where a
total of 1,680,536 donations were made. From the total donors’ population within the study
period, the male donors were the majority, accounting for 67.9 percent, while 32.1 percent
were female donors. The median age of the donors was 29 years. The researchers identified
that the most type of blood donated was the blood group of O+ with 38.4 percent, and A+
blood type followed with 29.1 percent. The researcher identified that were associated with
blood donation, including region of residence, age, and donation history. The study reveals
that there is a need for continued efforts to encourage the female populations and older groups
to donate blood. It suggests the implementation of targeted recruitment strategies, such as a
mobile donation unit, which will be more effective in reaching out to the rural populations.
The study suggests that there is a need to increase the staff ratio in the blood donation centers
to attain full utilization of the BD equipment and resources. Shash et al. (2022) study findings
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revealed that donations increased by 71% compared to the year 2000. It also shows that the
donation in the hospital increased gradually for the years before the Covid 19 pandemic. The
study reveals that the Cross-matching to transfusion utilization (C/U) ratio reduced, and the
Transfusion probability percent (T%) increased. The above improvement emphasizes the
significance of blood bank auditing and physical education and encourages hospitals to
achieve comparable outcomes.
Numerous studies have been conducted that focus on understanding the factors that
influence the donation of blood, including motivation and barriers. Mohammed & Essel’s
(2018) study was conducted with the aim of identifying motivations, barriers, and knowledge
about BD. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study at one of the donor clinics in
Ghana between January and February 2018. The participants were required to fill 27 an item
questionnaires, and the chi-square tool was used for the data analysis. The findings showed
that out of the 350 donors, 45.1 percent (n=158) were repeat donors, while 54.9 percent
(n=192) were first-time donors. Out of the total donors who participated in the study, 90.3
percent (n=316) revealed that their willingness to donate blood was motivated by the person
they knew was in need. Similarly, 83.4 percent (n=291) revealed a good staff attitude, while
85.1 percent (298) revealed that the altruistic nature was their key motivator in blood
donation. On the other hand, 63.7 percent of the total donors (n=223) revealed that the poor
attitude of the staff was a major barrier to blood donation. Other possible deterrents noted by
the donors include the concerns that the blood donated may be sold (n=178,50.9%) and
privacy provided during the pre-donation screening (n = 191, 54.6%). Out of the total donors
who participated in the study, only 126 were aware of the minimum age for blood donation,
and 132 knew the number of donations that should be made per year.
Similar to Al Zadjali et al. (2023), Mohammed & Essel (2018) were interested in
understanding the e perception of the BD among the healthcare staff during the Covid-19
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pandemic. The researchers utilized a national cross-sectional study in 6 centers in Saudi
Arabia. They utilized an online-based questionnaire is collecting information from these six
BD centers from June 2020. The study revealed that 1051 (63.2 %) out of 1664 participants
reported not having donated their blood in the past two before the Covid 19 pandemic. Also,
1424 (85%) participants confirmed that they did not donate during the Covid 19 crisis. The
main cause of most people failing to donate blood is the fear of picking up the virus from the
BD centers (Hakami et al., 2022). The study revealed that most of the donor’s concerns were
adhering to the policy of physical distancing as well as the safety procedures in the BD
centers. However, 88.2 percent of the participants supported that the hospital should come up
with policies to allow voluntary blood donation by the healthcare staff during crises.
Alreshidi & Sula (2022), in their study, were interested in comparing the BD practice,
attitude, and motivation in the 3 countries, including KSA, Albania, and Turkey. A total of
1281 participants were recruited for the study, where they were required to fill out selfadministered questionnaires shared online randomly. From the total number of participants,
90 were from Turkey, 273 were from Saudi Arabia, 858 were from Albania, and the
remaining were from other countries. Of the three countries, 46 % of the Saudi Arabia and
Turkey. 32% were donors in Albania. In all three cases, those who donated blood revealed
that they were motivated by factors like the need to save lives, help others, and help their
families. Some of the factors that dissuade them from donating blood include health
conditions and not being asked to do so. 77.7 % Saudis, 77.7 %Turks, and 88.6 % Albanians
confirmed that they would donate blood if asked to.
Previous research has unfolded facts about blood transfusion and motivation factors
for people to engage in blood transfusion. Carver et al. (2018) look at precisely the
motivational factors toward male blood donors” willingness to donate blood. Looking at
voluntary unpaid and involuntary blood donors, Carver et al. (2018) enlist altruism, attraction
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towards incentives, subjective norms, and health checks. According to Carver et al. (2018),
incentives play the most assertive motivational role in male blood donation.
First-time blood donors usually find it hard to undergo the process partly due to
unfamiliarity with the subject of blood donation, among other factors. Alsairi et al. (2018)
examine factors hindering first-timers from experiencing blood donation. In Alsairi et al.
(2018) study, 51.1% of the participants have good blood donation knowledge. 87% appealed
that they would donate if the receiver were a friend. 23.9% of the participants said that they
don’t donate because the idea of blood donation has not closed their minds, whereas 17.1%
said they had no time to undergo the blood donation process, whereas 13.8 said they fear the
needle. These factors are compounded by a lack of awareness and inadequate time (Almutairi
et al., 2018; Otifi et al., 2020).
Apart from motivation factors, there are also barriers and knowledge bases for blood
transfusion. Mohammed and Essel (2018) look at the probability of barriers, the knowledge
base, and motivational factors for first-time and repeat blood donors. 90.3% of the study
group in Mohammed et al. (2018) depict that they are more inclined to donate when the
recipient is someone they know. 85.1% cited the desire to help others, 83.4% of the
respondents cited the excellent attitude of the staff as a motivation factor towards blood
donation, whereas 54.6% endorsed the privacy level. In this research, there was two central
deterrence: poor staff attitude (63.7%) and the idea that donated blood may be sold (50.9%).
Donor recruitment and retention are paramount for a constant and reliable blood
product supply. According to Riyani et al. (2021), peer influence is critical in influencing the
youth to undertake blood donation. In Riyani et al. (2021) study, the focused youth group
depicts a high motivation toward blood donation. These youths promote blood donation
awareness among themselves. Young donors may indeed depict adverse reactions in the blood
donation process. According to Farhan (2020), several factors are imperative to why some
18
people donate blood. The education level, attitude, and societal beliefs influence these factors
(Mahfouz et al., 2021). Farhan (2020) says that adverse factors (such as loss of consciousness,
and drowsiness, among others) can be potential discouragement factors towards blood
donation. The adverse factors discourage the retention of blood donors.
Also, looking at a broad perception of the general public, the motivational factors are
similar to the ones depicted in Carver et al. (2018) male sample. The blood supply chain
works as a typical transaction where there must be a balance of the supply and demand of
blood products. Abdelkader and Ghumlas (2020) look at the prospect of voluntary blood
suppliers in KSA. Among other factors that determine the availability of blood product supply
is the donors’ motivation. Securing the future supply of blood products starts with
understanding the factors for blood transfusion and then implementing strategies to ensure
adequate blood and blood products supply now and in the future.
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Chapter Three
Materials and Methods
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Materials and Methods
Study Design:
This study is systematic review research. The study takes into consideration evidence
of motivational factors and potential barriers. For this review, we searched for studies on the
individual, network, and contextual characteristics of blood donor status and behavior. It
summarizes the facts to realize an appraisal of factors to promote blood donation in the KSA.
The research compiles evidence from different scholarly articles addressing the topic of blood
donation and aspects influencing willingness among Saudi Arabians.
Data Sources and Search Strategy
The articles were searched from four databases: EBSCOhost, Web of Science, PubMed and Global Health, and Google Scholar. A manual search of the articles on blood
donations, motivations and barriers of blood donation, and perception of blood donation in
KSA was conducted to retrieve the articles not shown in the database searches. The keywords
used in searching for the articles include KSA, Saudi Arabia, blood donation, motivation, and
willingness.
The database search retrieved 200 articles from PubMed (n=90), EBSCOhost (n=23),
Web Science (n=20), Global Health (n=49), and Google Scholar (18). After eliminating all
the duplicates, 119 articles remained, and 46 articles were further removed since they were
out of the data range, where 10 were full texts. Out of the remaining articles, 49 did not meet
the title selection criteria, and they were removed. Twenty-four articles were fully screened,
and only 15 were included in this review. Factors utilized in the analysis of the selected
articles include sample size, research design, results, and limitations.
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Table 5.1: Resources Screening Criteria
Search stage
Number of articles
Initial search
200
Removed duplicates
119
Excluded out-of-range
articles
46 (36 based on title/abstract, 10
full texts)
Screened remaining
articles
73
Included in review
15
Inclusions Criteria
Through the study selection process, papers that matched our search terms were
assessed on title and abstract, based on four inclusion criteria: (i) published in English
between 2017 and 2023; (ii) published in a peer-reviewed journal; (iii) used quantitative or
qualitative methods; (iv) and used blood donor status or blood donor behavior as an outcome
measure.
Exclusion Criteria
Studies that were (i) not an investigation of the satisfaction or motivational factors of
blood donation behavior or intentions, or (ii) the outcome measure was not donation behavior
or intentions to donate blood were excluded.
22
Data Collection Tools
This study used the Boolean operator search strategy to ensure that the selected Journal
met the inclusion criteria, as shown in Appendix A. Moreover, a data extraction form with a
checklist assessing the quality of the identified studies was helpful for this study. The checklist
was comprised of several questions, which helped in assessing the inclusion criteria factors.
The key questions included in this case included; does the study conducted within the 20172023 time frame? Does the article study focus on blood donation in KSA topic? Is the article a
primary research article? These articles were utilized in the data collection exercise. While the
blood donation decline remains a global issue, this study will focus on the factors that motivate
or detracts the blood donation in the KSA.
Hence the database search focused on exploring the studies that were conducted in Saudi
Arabia and other countries to understand the blood donation trend globally and KSA,
motivators, and barriers to blood donation in the country. The study findings will be applied to
make recommendations for improving blood donation in the KSA and, at the same time,
motivating people to volunteer for blood donation. This will help in saving the lives of the
people in need of the blood transfusion in the country.
Validity and Reliability
Validity and reliability in the systematic review, a process that was utilized to evaluate
the quality and credibility of primary studies included in this review. This process was utilized
in this systematic review to identify potential sources of biases and confounding data in the
sources studies. A standardized checklist was used to select the studies, thus minimizing the
possibility of biases. Two independent reviewers were invited to analyze and extract the data
on the methods, intervention, sample, and outcome. Similarly, the Newcastle –Ottawa Scale
and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool were used in assessing the biases risk and quality of the
study, thus helping in resolving any discrepancies identified from the studies.
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Data Analysis
This study involved a qualitative synthesis of the included studies. The Critical
Appraisal Skills Program (ASP) tool was used to critically appraise the studies for qualitative
research. The data extracted from the studies were thematically analyzed, and the identified key
themes and subthemes were listed as shown in the table below. The key themes that emerged
from this analysis included donor motivation, satisfaction, barriers to donation, and intervention
to raise donor satisfaction. Under the theme of donor motivation, some of the key themes
identified include altruism (helping people with problems and their families), social
responsibility, and personal experiences. The sub-themes under the theme of donor satisfaction
include staff attitude or behavior, waiting time, and comfort during the donation process. The
theme of barriers to donation includes the staff attitude, fear (illnesses and needles), lack of
knowledge, and inconveniences.
The theme of the interventions to increase donor satisfaction and motivation include
subthemes like psychological interventions, educational interventions, and interventions
targeting donor convenience. The data analysis revealed that interventions that focused on
addressing donor fears, improving staff behavior, and reducing waiting time were effective in
increasing donor satisfaction and motivation.
Table 5.2: Themes and Subthemes
Themes
Sub-themes
Donor motivation and satisfaction
Staff Attitude or Behavior
Waiting Time
Comfort During The Donation Process
Barriers to donation
The staff attitude
Fear (illnesses and needles)
Lack of knowledge
Inconveniences
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Intervention to raise donor satisfaction
Psychological interventions
Educational interventions
Interventions targeting donor convenience
25
Chapter Four
Results
26
Results
Alsairi et al. (2018) suggest creating day offs and mobile campaigns. Carver et al.
(2018) also advocate for campaigns to promote blood donation. The same idea is supported by
Mohammed et al. (2018), who say that public education effectively promotes blood donation.
Also, Farhan (2020) also advocates for education by stating that scholarly sources should be
part of the client consent materials. Ghumlas (2020) furnishes a blood donation and awareness
drive known as “Peacetime Experience” that promotes blood transfusion appeals and
awareness. Awareness is mandatory for voluntary and willing blood donation.
In Alsairi et al. (2018) study, even if nearly half of the participants cited that blood
donation should not be remunerable, 21.1% believe that any form of a gift can motivate blood
donation. Hence incentives should also be part of the factors that influence blood donation.
Mohammed et al. (2018) also add regular donation prompts and a friendly staff attitude to
remove the barriers to blood donation. Riyami et al. (2021) look at peer influence as one
factor that promotes blood donation among young people and advocate for strategies to
increase blood donation among the youth.
27
Chapter Five
Discussion
28
Discussion
The above systematic review aimed at identifying the factors that influence the donors’
satisfaction and motivation, as well as the barriers to becoming regular blood donors. The
review included 15 studies published between 2017 and 2023. The analysis results suggest
that several factors influence the donor’s motivations and satisfaction, including donor
awareness, altruism, time spent waiting, donor education, communication, social support, and
recognition. A study by Almutairi et al. (2018) illustrates that individual is less likely to
donate their blood if they are unaware of blood donation. Therefore, the blood donation center
should create awareness among the donors, especially for first-time donors. The studies
indicate that the donors are more likely to give out the blood if they are asked to by the
relevant BD centers or hospitals. One way that the BD centers can create blood donation
awareness in the community is through donation education.
Khadilkar et al. (2022) outline that donor education is a critical factor that influences
donor satisfaction and motivation. Potential donors with donation knowledge are more likely
to become satisfied with the donation practice and have a higher chance of becoming regular
blood donors. The significance of this type of education is of two ways. The first one is that it
provides the donors with the knowledge and skills they need to donate their blood
comfortably and safely, thus increasing their satisfaction with the experience. Secondly, donor
education helps in dispelling myths and misconceptions about blood donation. Consequently,
it increases the potential donor’s awareness of the need for blood products, which in turn
encourages them to become regular donors.
29
Convenience is another factor that influences the motivation and satisfaction of the
donors. From the analysis, several studies indicated that individuals are more likely to become
regular donors if the donation process becomes convenient and accessible. The factors like the
location of the BD centers, waiting time, operating hours, and appointment systems impact the
donor’s motivation and satisfaction. Individuals who found the donation process to be
convenient and accessible were more to become regular donors and more satisfied with their
donation experience.
Another factor is the social support. Studies reveal that donors who received social
support from their families, colleagues, and friends are more likely to become regular donors
and more satisfied with their donation experience. Ideally, social support can become in
numerous forms, including transport to or from the BD Centers s, moral support, and
encouragement. The individual donors feel appreciated if they e receive social support, which
in turn increases their motivation to donate regularly.
Effective communication is another important factor that influences the donor’s
motivation and satisfaction. The BD center should provide individual donors with clear and
accurate information about the blood donation process. Individuals who receive clear and
accurate information about the donation exercise, the blood products needed, and how they
are more likely to be used tend to be more satisfied with their donation experience and more
likely to donate regularly. Communication is an effective tool for building trust and
confidence between donors and donation centers, which in turn increases the willingness of
donors to donate regularly.
30
The last factor is a recognition which influences the donor’s motivation and
satisfaction. Individual donors who receive recognition for their donations are more likely to
become regular donors. The blood centers need to use recognition terms like thankyou
messages, wards, and certifications are more to donate blood regularly. It helps them feel
appreciated and valued, thus increasing their motivation to donate regularly. With serial
issues identified from the data analysis, there are several implications for BD programs and
policies that the country may implement. The first consideration that KSA should pay
attention to donor education needs to establish donor education programs that will increase
donation awareness, especially for first-time donors (AlShamlan et al.,2021). The centers
should provide the donors with the relevant skills and knowledge they require to help them
donate more safely and comfortably to increase their satisfaction with the donation experience
and motivate them to become regular donors. The donor education will create awareness
among the potential donors, which will inform them why they should donate their blood, what
components of blood are needed, and how the blood will be utilized (Mahfouz et al., 2021).
This eliminates myths that the blood donated is sold to generate profits for the centers. The
BD centers can use education to reach out to the older populations and females to donate their
blood (Alaskar et al., 2021), as these groups were found to be less likely to donate blood.
Secondly, the BD centers should improve the convenience and accessibility to make the
donation process as easy and hassle-free as possible for donors. Convenience and accessibility
can be achieved through factors such as the location of donation centers, operating hours,
waiting times, and appointment systems.
31
Also, blood donation centers should prioritize social support for donors. As illustrated
earlier, most studies reveal that social support is essential in motivating individuals to become
regular donors. Therefore, the BD centers should provide transport, especially for the donors
in rural settings, and provide moral support and encouragement to make the donors feel
valued and appreciated.
Conclusion
The findings of the systematic review provide valuable insights into factors that could
improve donor satisfaction and motivation. The blood donation service should prioritize
effective communication, convenience, and incentives to create a positive donor experience.
By recognizing the unique needs and preferences of different donor groups, the blood
donation centers can motivate and increase the number of blood donors to participate in BD
exercise. By implementing these strategies, Implementing these strategies can enhance the
overall donor experience, increase donor retention, and ultimately contribute to a sustainable
and safe blood supply. Based on the findings of this review, several recommendations can be
made. First, BD centers, healthcare organizations, and universities should prioritize
communication and information provision to potential and current donors (Almutairi et al.
(2018). Communication may include providing clear and comprehensive information about
the blood donation process, addressing common misconceptions, and building trust through
transparent communication. Also, they can implement incentives such as non-monetary
rewards and discounts, can motivate donors to donate regularly, and foster a sense of
appreciation for their contributions. Lastly, they need to come up with well-designed
campaigns that communicate the importance of blood donation and its role in saving lives.
Utilization of the above strategies can help the BD centers and healthcare organizations’ top.
32
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following recommendations can be made to KSA BD
centers to encourage blood donation, which is crucial for saving lives. One of the
recommendations is that the BD centers should increase donor education. This review reveals
that donor education is crucial in creating donor satisfaction and motivation to donate blood
regularly. BD centers need to introduce educational campaigns to inform potential donors
about the importance of BD, the process, and the benefits of regular donation. Education
should be tailored to the specific demographics of the population to ensure maximum impact.
Also, the BD centers should streamline the donation process. The systematic review illustrates
that the donation process is a significant factor in determining donor satisfaction and
motivation. They should make the donation process as simple and convenient as possible.
They should focus on ensuring comfortable donation environments, minimizing wait times,
and providing adequate support throughout the process. Another recommendation is that the
centers should utilize technology to motivate blood donation (Alanzi & Alsaeed, 2019). The
BD centers should leverage the technology to offer real-time updates on blood donation and,
at the same time, create personalized experiences which will improve the donor’s satisfaction
in the BD processes. They can make use of modern technologies like online booking systems,
mobile Apps, and digital notifications (Alanzi & Alsaeed, 2019)
Similarly, the BD centers need to engage with the donors. The donor engagement is
one of the factors that can influence the donors’ motivation and satisfaction in BD exercise.
KSA centers should focus on building relationships with the donors and building a sense of
togetherness in the blood donation practice. The centers can improve engagement with firsttime donors by sending personalized messages, hosting events, and recognizing donors for
their contributions (AlShamlan et al.,2021). Another strategy is enhancing the donor’s
experience by providing adequate support in the entire donation process, appreciating their
33
contribution, and addressing their concerns that might arise. Another recommendation is
fostering a culture of regular donation. This can be done by providing the element of support
for first-time donors (AlShamlan et al.,2021), addressing the worries of potential donors,
incentivizing regular donors, and establishing education campaigns to emphasize the
importance of regular donations (Mahfouz et al., 2021).
34
References
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Appendixes
38
Appendix A
Appendix A: Boolean operator search strategy (Checklist questions)
1. Does the study provide current information within the set timeframe of 2017 to 2023?
2. Does the article study focus on blood donation in KSA topic?
3.
Is the article primary research?
Appendix B
Appendix B: Declaration
I declare that the research project entitled Achieving Donor Satisfaction and Motivation
to Become a Regular Blood Donor submitted to the Saudi Electronic University is my own
original work. I declare that the research project does not contain material previously published
or written by a third party, except where this is appropriately cited through full and accurate
referencing. I declare that Saudi Electronic University has a right to refuse the research project
if it contains plagiarism and cancel the research project at any time, and the student has full
responsibility regarding any further legal actions.
39
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