CHAPTER 5Professional
Development
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5.1 Research Teams
▪ Scientific research is rarely completed by one person working alone
– For students, the first step is identifying at least one professor to serve as a mentor
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▪ Once an investigator has committed to doing a research project, it is helpful to
assemble a team of collaborators early in the research process
5.2 Finding Research Mentors
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▪ Mentorship: a formal or informal relationship in which an experienced mentor
offers professional development advice and guidance to a less experienced
mentee
5.2 Finding Research Mentors (Cont.)
New investigators seeking mentorship can identify potential advisors by:
▪ Searching the profiles of researchers at the new investigator’s home
institution
▪ Emailing the individuals identified as potential mentors to ask for
professional development advice; an invitation to meet is not an agreement
to serve as a mentor
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▪ Asking classmates, colleagues, professors, supervisors, and others about
experienced researchers who might be helpful mentors
5.3 The Mentor–Mentee Relationship
▪ The potential mentor’s time availability
▪ The mentor’s preferred frequency and style of communication
▪ The roles and responsibilities the mentor agrees to take on
▪ The resources the mentor agrees to provide
▪ The expectations the mentor has of the mentee
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A new investigator should not agree to enter into a mentor–mentee relationship
before gaining an informed understanding of several key matters, including:
5.3 The Mentor–Mentee Relationship (Cont.)
Research supervisors appreciate when mentees:
▪ Ask questions
▪ Are honest about what they have done and what they plan to do
▪ Complete assigned tasks satisfactorily and on time
▪ Maintain meticulous research records
▪ Are open to receiving constructive criticism
▪ Respect the mentor and the mentor’s time
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▪ Communicate often
5.4 Professional Development
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▪ Professional development: the intentional process of establishing short- and
long-term professional goals, identifying and completing activities that enable
systematic progress toward achieving those goals, and routinely evaluating
performance, competencies, and growth
5.4 Professional Development (Cont.)
Examples of professional development activities related to research include:
▪ Participating in journal clubs
▪ Working as a research assistant
▪ Becoming active in professional organizations
▪ Attending and presenting at research conferences
▪ Enrolling in training programs
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▪ Completing online or in-person coursework about research methods
5.5 Social Media
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▪ Several general and discipline-specific social networking platforms are available
for researchers to use for networking, having online conversations about
methodologies and tools, sharing resources, communicating about recent
publications, and building a professional online presence
5.5 Impact Metrics
▪ Bibliometrics: quantitative analyses of written publications
– i10 index: a count of the number of publications by an author that have been cited
at least 10 times
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– h-index: an author has at least h publications that have each been cited at least h
times
5.6 Responsible Conduct of Research
▪ Being a supporting member of a research team provides a valuable opportunity
to become familiar with disciplinary and professional standards, academic
writing and publishing, and the habits of good coauthors
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▪ Responsible conduct of research (RCR): a concept that encompasses
research ethics, professionalism, and best practices for collaboration and
communication with other researcher
CHAPTER 1
The Health
Research
Process
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1.1 Health Research
▪ Determinants of health: the biological, behavioral, social, environmental,
political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and
populations
▪ Health research: the investigation of health and disease or any of the factors
that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social
health among individuals, families, communities, nations, or the world
population
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▪ Health: “a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO)
1.1 Clinical & Population Health Research
– Medicine: the practice of preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in
individuals and families
▪ Population health research focuses on the health outcomes and the
determinants of health in groups of humans
– Public health: the actions taken to promote health and prevent illnesses, injuries,
and early deaths at the population level
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▪ Clinical research evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat
adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families
1.2 The Research Process
▪ Five steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify a study question
Select a general study approach
Design the study and collect data
Analyze data
Write and share a report about the findings
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▪ Research is the process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject
in order to discover new insights about the world
Figure 1-1
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1.3 Book Overview
▪ Everyone can do meaningful research
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▪ The best way to learn about health research it to do real research
STEP 1
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CHAPTER 6
Coauthoring
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6.1 Coauthorship
▪ Most researchers serve as “middle authors” before becoming a lead (first)
author for the first time
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▪ Coauthorship: the process of two or more collaborators working together to
write a research report
6.2 Authorship Criteria
– There should be no ghost authorship, the failure to include as a coauthor on a
manuscript a contributor who has made a substantial intellectual contribution to a
research project
– There should be no gift authorship, which occurs when someone who has not
earned authorship according to disciplinary standards is added to the list of authors
of a manuscript
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▪ ICMJE, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, has established
criteria for authorship in the health sciences that most journals in the field have
adopted
6.2 Authorship Criteria (Cont.)
To earn coauthorship, all FOUR ICMJE criteria must be met:
Making substantial contributions to conception or design of the study
and/or to data collection, analysis, or interpretation
2.
Drafting the article and/or providing critical revisions of intellectual content
3.
Approving the final version of the manuscript that is submitted to a
publisher
4.
Accepting responsibility for the integrity of the paper
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1.
6.3 Authorship Order
▪ The first author (lead author) usually takes responsibility for most of the writing
▪ The senior author (supervising author) often is listed last
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▪ Middle authors are listed in order from greatest to least contribution or
alphabetically by family name
6.4 Decisions About Authorship
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▪ Decisions about who will be listed as a coauthor on a report, poster, or paper,
as well as the order in which those coauthors will be listed, should be made as
early as possible in the research process
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