HEALTH & SOCIETYCLO-1
/dainayesuraj
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand BMI and obesity.
2. Explain
hyperlipidemia,
hypercholesterolemia.
and
3. Explain how plaque develops
and
how
it
leads
to
atherosclerosis.
Ever wonder…
• How to maintain a healthy weight?
• Define being “healthy”.
• Name 3 health problems caused by being overweight.
BMI = Body Mass Index = is a measure of your weight relative to your
height; it correlates with body fat.
What is a
healthy body weight???
1. An acceptable BMI
2. Body composition with an acceptable amount of
body fat
3. Fat distribution that is not a risk factor for illness
4. Absence of any medical conditions that suggest
a need for weight loss (such as Diabetes or
Hypertension)
➢ OBESITY = Body weight that greatly exceeds the recommended guidelines.
➢ OVERWEIGHT = Body weight that exceeds the recommended guidelines for good health.
➢ An estimated 650 million people (13% of world population) are obese!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
BODY FAT = essential + storage body fat…. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain
life and reproductive functions.
• Vital for hormone function. {or else detrimental….}
Ways of measuring Body Fat. (Accurate but expensive methods)
01. Weighing person under-water
(immersion OR hydrostatic weighing)
02. Using special type of X-ray (DXA) to scan Fat,
Muscle and Bone
Ways of measuring Body Fat. (Less accurate and reasonable methods)
01. Skin-fold measurement OR Caliper
testing
02. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Where you carry your body fat, also determines your disease risk!!
Fat around waist = Abdominal Fat OR Visceral Fat OR Central Obesity
Greater than 40 inches (102 cm) for men.
Greater than 35 inches (88 cm) for women…. Waist circumference associated with increased health risk.
The underrated problem of Underweight..!
CHOLESTEROL is a lipid that travels through the
blood on a protein named LIPOPROTEIN.
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/hdlgood-ldl-bad-cholesterol-and-triglycerides
• Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol.
• 1. LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) = Bad Cholesterol =
makes up most of the body’s cholesterol. High levels of
LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and
stroke.
• 2. HDL (High-density lipoprotein) = Good Cholesterol =
absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The
liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL
cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and
stroke.
Above condition is linked with fatty buildup within artery walls, which
increases risk of heart attack and stroke!!!
TRIGLCERIDES ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE
OF FAT IN THE BODY. They store excess energy
from your diet.
Video links
1. Heart attack – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEzDcElrYgs
2. Stroke – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcmrgwNCPwM
FAT = Accumulation of
lipoproteins + phospholipids +
cholesterol
ATHEROSCLEROSIS = Hardening and stiffening of arteries due to buildup
of fats, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other
substances in artery walls.
STAGES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
1. Damage to the inner lining (by tobacco smoke, high BP or infection).
2. Creation of a lesion, where a fatty streak can form.
3. Fatty streak = accumulation of lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol.
4. Lipoproteins accumulate within artery wall → undergo chemical changes → trigger inflammatory response →
attract WBC’s → take up the altered lipoproteins & clear the lipids → leave the site.
5. BUT……………. If blood lipoprotein levels are too high → more lipoproteins accumulate → more WBC’s die
within the lesion → More lipid-rich material is deposited → fatty streak is formed.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
1. A disease or condition present among a population at all times is called?
A.
epidemic
B.
pandemic
C.
endemic
D.
cluster
2. Epidemiologists use a model for studying infectious disease and its spread that involves the microbe that
causes the disease, the organism that harbors the disease, and the external factors that cause or allow disease
transmission. This is also known as?
A.
host, vector, and transmission
B.
transmission, host, and environment
C.
host, agent, and environment
D.
organism, transmission, and environment
3. Define “Epidemiology”.
4. The main focus of public health is on the
A.
Livability of environments
B.
Preventative health services
C.
Health of populations of people
D.
Health and wellness of individuals within communities.
5. Why is Covid-19 disease called a pandemic and not a cluster?
6. What is the standard acceptable p-value in statistics?
7. Malaria is present in Africa at all times because of the presence of infected mosquitoes. Therefore, Malaria
is a ________________ in Africa. (Choose from the following terms: endemic, pandemic, epidemic, cluster)
8. A disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place is
called?
A.
endemic
B.
epidemic
C.
cluster
D.
pandemic
9. All of the following illustrate the purpose of epidemiology in public health, except
A.
identifying populations who are at risk for certain diseases
B.
assessing the effectiveness of interventions
C.
providing treatment for patients in clinical settings
D.
determining the importance of causes of illness
10. State two reasons why epidemiology is so important.
11. Choose the correct scientific term for the passing of a disease from one organism to the other?
a. catching
b. vector
c. transmission
d. infecting
12. Define a confounder.
13. Which of the following is a confounding variable in this study?
a. Exercise
b. Lung capacity
c. Smoking or not
d. Occupation
14. Pick the choice that best completes the following sentence. If a relationship between two
variables is called statistically significant, it means that the variables are
A. related in the population represented by the sample.
B. not related in the population represented by the sample.
C. related in the sample due to chance alone.
D. very important.
15. Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?
A. A variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
B. A variable that has been measured using an unreliable scale.
C. A variable that affects the outcome being measured as well as, or instead of, the independent variable.
D. A variable that is made up only of categories.
16. Epidemiologists learn about
A. the causes of diseases and how to cure or control them
B. the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases
C. the causal relationships between diseases
D. all of the above
17. Why does epidemiology as a science do observational studies rather than performing laboratory
studies?
18. (a) Define “epidemiology”.
(b) Design an epidemiological experiment to find the effects of smoking on heart
disease. Your study should not be biased, must include measurable variables and
2-3 confounders.
(Your answer should have a minimum of 75-90 words)
19. Epidemiology is the study of patterns, occurrences and control methods of ________.
A.
deadly diseases
B.
deadly epidemics
C.
epidemics
D.
diseases
20. Epidemiologists are interested in learning about ____________________.
A.
the causes of diseases and how to cure or control them
B.
the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases
C.
the causal relationships between diseases
D.
all of the above
21. Which of the following is when a disease affects a predictable number of people within a given
population?
A.
epidemic
B.
endemic
C.
epidemic and pandemic
D.
pandemic
22. Choose the best response. If you are looking for specific healthcare data and you cannot find what you are
looking for, you:
A.
Ask your instructor for assistance
B.
Look for reference clues on reliable webpages
C.
Randomly search for other options
D.
Start working on another project to make up for lost time
23. Epidemiologists use a model for studying infectious disease and its spread that involves the microbe that
causes the disease, the organism that harbors the disease, and the external factors that cause or allow disease
transmission. This is also known as,
A.
Host, vector and transmission
B.
Host, agent and environment
C.
Transmission, host and environment.
D.
Organism, transmission and environment
24. In the definition of epidemiology, “distribution” refers to:
A.
Who
B.
When
C.
Where
D.
Why
25. An epidemiologist is conducting a study on the sleep patterns of university students but does not provide
any intervention. What type of a study is this?
A.
Qualitative
B.
Observational
C.
Experimental
D.
None of the above
26. Which of the following health differences is NOT a disparity?
A.
Low-income groups have a worse health status than high-income groups.
B.
Older people have a worse health status than younger people.
C.
Jonathan has a worse health status than his brother, Greg.
D.
Blacks have a worse health status than whites.
Epidemiology and public health
1. Epidemiology Definition: Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among
specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems.
2. How do you become an informed consumer of health information?
a. Developing Health Literacy:
i. Evaluating health information from the Internet
b. Understanding Medical Research studies:
i. Basic Medical Research
ii. Epidemiological Studies
iii. Clinical Studies
3. Measuring what a lot of people are exposed to and trying to work out what the connections are
between these exposures and their health form a big part of epidemiology.
4. Just because someone was exposed to something and they got sick, does not mean that the two
events are related. The exposure may not have caused the sickness.
5. Epidemiology is crucial for making public health decisions and improving the well-being of people
because:
a. Makes better healthy lifestyle recommendations
b. Reduces health-care bills
c. Increases productivity of tons of millions of people
6. Epidemiology Purposes in Public Health Practice:
a. Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health
b. Determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death
c. Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill
health
d. Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
7. Epidemiology Key Terms
a. epidemic or outbreak:
i. disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given
time and place.
b. cluster:
i. group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.
c. endemic: disease or condition present among a population at all times.
d. pandemic:
i. a disease or condition that spreads across regions.
e. rate:
i. number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the
population during that period.
8. A Public Health Approach:
a. Surveillance
b. Risk Factor Identification
c. Intervention Evaluation
d. Implementation
PRACTICE WORKSHEET
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND SOCIETY
1. Exercise is mainly a component of _____.
A. intellectual wellness
B. emotional wellness
C. spiritual wellness
D. physical wellness
E. interpersonal wellness
2. Which of the following provides the BEST example of someone with
spiritual wellness?
A. Barbara recycles and cuts waste by reducing consumption
B. Bob maintains several friendships and is close with his extended family.
C. Janet works out several times a week and tries to eat healthy foods.
D. Tim takes the time to think critically about issues he is presented with in his
daily life.
E. Sam dedicates his life to helping those who are less fortunate than himself.
3. Tara is a school counselor who loves helping children navigate the stresses
of childhood. Her feelings about her job are a sign of _____.
A. occupational wellness
B. physical wellness
C. intellectual wellness
D. interpersonal wellness
E. emotional wellness
4. How might someone demonstrate intellectual wellness?
A. Through religion
B. Through critical thinking
C. Through muscularity
D. Through social connections
E. Through emotional control
5. Choose the RNA sequence transcribed from the DNA sequence:
TAC-CGA-TGA-TTT-CTC-ATA
A. AUG-GCU-ACU-UUU-GAG-UAU
B. AUG-CGA-ACU-AAA-GAG-UAU
C. AUG-GCU-ACU-AAA-GAG-UAU
D. AUG-GCU-ACT-AAA-GAG-UAU
6. Tom is someone who is confident and exhibits a good sense of self-esteem.
These characteristics mark Tom as someone with _____.
A. intellectual wellness
B. interpersonal wellness
C. physical wellness
D. spiritual wellness
E. emotional wellness
7. The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its
determinants and thereby improve their health is known as:
A. Risk Factors
B. Health Promotion
C. Disease Prevention
D. Lifestyle Choices
8. Stacey has made the decision to drink eight, 8-ounce glasses of water each
day and to eat a fruit or vegetable at every meal. This is an example of a
_____.
A. resolution
B. health promotion
C. disease prevention
D. lifestyle choice
9. Which of the following health determinants is directly related to the
structure of the medical care system?
A. Biological and genetic determinants
B. Behavioral determinants
C. Social determinants
D. Access to health services
10.Use base pairing rules to transcribe the following sequence of DNA:
TAC-AAA-GTG-ACG-ATC
A. AUG-UUU-CAC-UGC-UAG
B. AAG-AAA-CAC-AGC-AAG
C. AUG-UUU-CTC-UGC-TAG
D. AUG-UUA-CAC-UGC-UAG
11.Studies show that individuals who experience racial discrimination are
more likely to develop stress-related health issues. Racial discrimination is
an example of which of the following health determinants?
A. Physical determinants
B. Biological and genetic determinants
C. Behavioral determinants
D. Social determinants
12.Access to neighborhood sidewalks is an example of which of the following
health determinants?
A. Biological and genetic determinants
B. Social determinants
C. Behavioral determinants
D. Physical determinants
13.”I refuse to quit smoking! There is absolutely nothing wrong with what I am
doing”
14.This most likely describes an individual who is expressing which of the
following stages in the Transtheoretical Model?
A. Contemplation
B. Pre-contemplation
C. Action
D. Preparation
15.Which RNA sequence would be transcribed from the following sequence of
DNA?
TAC-CTT-AGA-CCA-TCT-ATT
A. ATC-GAA-TCT-GGT-AGA-TAA
B. AUG-GAA-UCU-GGU-AGA-UAA
C. UAC-CUU-AGA-CCA-UCU-AUU
D. AUG-GAA-UCU-GGT-AGA-TAA
16.Which of the following is a stage of change within the Transtheoretical
Model?
A. Decision making
B. Reluctance
C. Maintenance
D. Optimism
17.The mRNA code that results from a DNA sequence that reads TAC-GCA-TATAGG-CTA-ATT would read:
A. ATG-GCA-ATA-TCC-GAT-TAA
B. AUG-CGA-AUA-ACC-GAU-UAA
C. AUG-CGU-AUA-UCC-GAU-UAA
D. AUG-CGA-UAU-UCC-GAU-UAA
18.In physical fitness, which of the following would be an example of a
person’s behavior in the preparation stage of the Transtheoretical Model?
A. The person travels to the gym three days a week.
B. The person meets with a nutritionist and creates a food log.
C. The person sees no problem with eating unhealthy and not exercising.
D. The person takes a break from attending all exercise classes.
19.Of the following examples, which one best demonstrates a perceived
threat, as related to the Health Belief Model?
A. If I get a vaccine against meningitis, it might help, but I do not like waiting in
the doctor’s office, and I hate needles.
B. I live in a dorm at college, where multiple cases of meningitis have been
confirmed. I have not received my inoculation for meningitis. I think I am at
risk.
C. If my college offered free meningitis inoculations, I would have gotten one,
but I am not going to pay for it myself.
D. I know that the college health department says there are confirmed cases
of meningitis here at my school, but I do not believe them.
20.The Health Belief Model assumes that decision-making occurs when the
following three elements take place:
A. Perceived susceptibility, perceived threat, and perceived reward
B. Assumed susceptibility, assumed threat, and assumed reward
C. Perceived susceptibility, perceived threat, and perceived benefit vs. barriers
D. Assumed susceptibility, assumed threat, and assumed benefit vs. barriers
21.Choose the correct RNA sequence transcribed from the following DNA
sequence:
TAC-AGC-GGT-CGC-ATT
A. ATC-AGC-CGC-TAA
B. AUG-UCG-CCA-GCG-UAA
C. ATG-TCG-CCA-GCG-TAA
D. AUC-AGC-CGC-UAA
22.The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in response to the failure of
a free tuberculosis screening program offered in the 1950s. Of the following
options, please select the one that best describes the HBM’s goal.
A. Explain the impact of a group’s perception on a particular disease and how
the group’s ideas affect an individual’s decision-making.
B. Explain the impact of an individual’s perception and attitude toward a
particular disease and how it impacts their health-related decision-making.
C. Explain the difference between a group’s perception and an individual’s
perception about a particular disease.
D. Explain the overall impact of an individual’s perception on a group’s
decision-making, related to a particular disease.
23.Which of the following DNA sequences would produce this sequence of
RNA through transcription?
RNA: AUA-CCU-GUG-AAG
A. ATA-CCT-GTG-TTC
B. TUT-GGA-CAC-UUC
C. TAT-GGA-CAC-TTC
D. ATA-CCA-CAC-AAC
24.All of the following are examples of where to find reliable healthcare data
EXCEPT:
A. Reviewed journals
B. Government websites
C. Professional websites
D. Advertisements
25.Choose the best response. If you are looking for specific healthcare data
and you cannot find what you are looking for, you:
A. Randomly search for other options
B. Ask your instructor for assistance
C. Look for reference clues on reliable webpages
D. Start working on another project to make up for lost time
26.Choose the correctly transcribed RNA sequence given the DNA sequence:
TAC-AAC-AAG-AAT-TTT-ATC
A. ATG-TTG-TTC-TTA-TTT-TAG
B. AUG-UUG-UUC-UUA-AAA-UAG
C. AUG-TTC-UUC-UUA-UAG
D. AUG-UUG-UUC-UUA-UUU-UAG
27.Which of the following is NOT true about limited health literacy?
A. Good health outcomes
B. Increased use of emergency services
C. Higher healthcare costs
D. Poor health outcome
28.Which of the following is NOT true about health literacy?
A. Health literacy is being able to fill out a medical form.
B. Health literacy is your ability to interpret food nutrition labels.
C. Health literacy is being able to understand written health information.
D. Health literacy is not being able to understand a prescription.
29.Identify the base pairing rule not followed in the transcription example
shown below.
DNA: GGG-ATA-CTA-AGG-TAA
RNA: CCC-AUA-GAU-UCC-AUU
A. Cytosine always pairs with guanine
B. Adenine always pairs with uracil.
C. All base pairings are correct.
D. Adenine always pairs with thymine.
30.Identify the base pairing rule not being followed in the transcription
example below:
DNA: TAC- GCA-TAT-AGG
RNA: ATG-CGU-AUA-UCC
A. Uracil pairs with adenine.
B. Adenine pairs with thymine.
C. Cytosine pairs with guanine.
D. All rules are being followed
31.Transcription yields the following RNA sequence: GUA-CCA-AAG-UAC
Which DNA sequence would be the template?
A. CAU-GGU-UUC-AUG
B. CAT-GGT-TTC-ATG
C. GTA-CCA-AAG-TAC
D. GAA-CCA-AAC-AAC
32.Spiritual health suggests which of the following?
A. a basic religious education
B. participation in an organized religion
C. a belief in God
D. people’s value system or beliefs
33.What is a genome?
A. the complete set of DNA
B. the place where the set of genetic instructions is stored
C. the bond that connects the two strands of DNA
D. one of the building blocks of DNA
34.Health disparities between racial or ethnic groups are largely attributable to
which of the following?
A. genetics
B. public health policy
C. national, state, and local laws
D. social and economic conditions
35.Health is defined by the World Health Organization as the absence of
disease.
A. True
B. False
36.The RNA sequence GGG-CAU-AUG-GGU was transcribed from which of the
following DNA sequences?
A. GGG-GAA-AAC-CCA
B. CCC-GUA-UAC-CCA
C. CCC-GTA-TAC-CCA
D. GGG-CAT-ATG-GGT
37.People’s value systems or beliefs can have an impact on their overall
health.
A. True
B. False
38.Which of the following is an example of a disease prevention effort?
A. COVID-19 booster shot campaign
B. accurate labels on packaged foods
C. bike lanes on public streets
D. emergency preparedness messages in different languages
39.Backsliding into a former health state is called
A. failure.
B. relapse.
C. avoidance.
D. modification.
40.A family health tree is also called a genogram or a genetic pedigree.
A. True
B. False
41.Commitment to change will successfully carry a person through the process
of change.
A. True
B. False
42.Using base pairing rules (and Chargaff’s rule), calculate the amount of
adenine in a DNA sequence that is 29% guanine.
A. Adenine will make up 58% of the DNA
B. Adenine will make up 29% of the DNA
C. Adenine will make up 21% of the DNA.
D. Adenine will make up 42% of the DNA
43.The ability to read, understand, and act on health information is called
A. health-risk assessment.
B. health literacy.
C. self-evaluation.
D. being an informed consumer.
44.Use base pairing rules to transcribe the following sequence of DNA:
TAC-CCG-ATA-CCT-ACT.
A. ATG-GGC-UAU-GGA-UGA
B. ATG-GGC-TAT-GGA-TGA
C. AUG-GGC-UAU-GGA-TGA
D. AUG-GGC-UAU-GGA-UGA
45.During the COVID-19 pandemic, social determinants of health that affected
people earning lower incomes included less ability to physically distance,
work from home, or take leave.
A. True
B. False
46.The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as having several
domains, and encompassing multiple dimensions, including physical,
mental, emotional, and spiritual.
A. True
B. False
47. Choose the correct DNA sequence that lead to transcription of the
following RNA sequence:
CAU-UGA-GUA-CCG
A. GAT-TCA-CTA-GGC
B. GTA-ACT-CAT-GGC
C. GUA-ACU-CAU-GGC
D. CAT-TGA-GTA-CCG
48.What term is used to describe ethnic groups based on physical
characteristics such as skin color or facial features but which reflects a
social category?
A. biology
B. race
C. ethnicity
D. culture
49.Using base pairing rules (and Chargaff’s rule), calculate the amount of
cytosine in a sequence of DNA that is 15% thymine.
A. Cytosine will make up 35% of the DNA.
B. Cytosine will make up 70% of the DNA.
C. Cytosine will make up 30% of the DNA.
D. Cytosine will make up 15% of the DNA.
50.Social health is defined as the ability of an individual to interact effectively
with other people and their social environment.
A. True
B. False
GHSO100 Chapter – 1: Revision
1. Of the following, the best type of website on which to research health issues is one that
is sponsored by a(n)
a. educational institution.
b. individual.
c. commercial health organization.
d. drug company.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following best illustrates a public health measure?
medical schools competing for research grants
promoting a new surgical technique
preventing the spread of disease-carrying insects
upgrading the local hospital’s dialysis equipment
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is the major goal of primary disease-prevention efforts?
to inhibit the development of diseases
to treat a person for particular problems associated with a disease
to find a cure for prevalent diseases
to detect diseases before they become symptomatic
4. Health is conceptualized as having several domains, such as physical, mental, social, and
spiritual domains.
a. True
b. False
5. Individual choice is the only factor governing a person’s ability to live a healthy lifestyle.
a. True
b. False
6. Health disparities occur when all people have the equal opportunity to attain their full
health potential.
a. True
b. False
7. Factors such as income level, available health care services, and literacy are examples of
social determinants of health.
a. True
b. False
8. Of our 23 chromosome pairs, 22 are the same for women and men.
a. True
b. False
9. The complete set of DNA is called a person’s genome.
a. True
b. False
10. In a person’s complete set of DNA, one pair of genomes is labeled with an X or a Y rather
than with a number. Females have two X genomes; males have an X and a Y genome.
a. True
b. False
11. Genetic mutations can be beneficial or harmful—or neither—to one’s health.
a. True
b. False
12. If an individual receives a faulty, mutated copy of a gene from his or her mother, that
person will most likely acquire a genetic disorder.
a. True
b. False
13. Most genetic disorders are caused by single-gene mutations.
a. True
b. False
14. Multifactorial disorders are those caused by the interaction of both environmental and
genetic factors.
a. True
b. False
15. A family health tree is also called a genogram or a genetic pedigree.
a. True
b. False
16. When evaluating a family health tree, a family member who has a heart attack at age 70
raises more genetic concerns than a relative who develops colon cancer at age 28.
a. True
b. False
17. Sade’s mother was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at age 50. Courtney’s
grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at age 82. Sade’s mother’s disease
is more likely to have a genetic component.
a. True
b. False
18. The Stages of Change Model emphasizes that change happens not as a one-time event,
but as a process.
a. True
b. False
19. Adam is in the contemplation stage of the (Stages of Change) Transtheoretical Model
when he decides that he will stop drinking alcohol at the beginning of next month.
a. True
b. False
20. In the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model for health behavior change, a
new behavior has been in place for a minimum of two years.
a. True
b. False
21. For some types of behaviors, the maintenance stage of the Stages of Change Model can
be an ongoing, lifelong process.
a. True
b. False
22. Activities such as developing social support systems and establishing goals and rewards
help people to move through stages in the Stages of Change Model.
a. True
b. False
23. A successful behavior change plan will include strategies for dealing with potential
barriers to change.
a. True
b. False
24. For a person to change a behavior successfully, he or she does not need to have a
perceived sense of self-efficacy.
a. True
b. False
25. A signed behavior change contract, with a family member or friend witnessing your new
contracted commitment to change, is among the most effective tools for change.
a. True
b. False
26. When implementing a behavior change plan that involves a long-term health goal, you
should strictly avoid setting and rewarding interim goals.
a. True
b. False
27. SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound
goals.
a. True
b. False
28. In assessing your health risks, it is important to ignore any emotional reaction you may
experience.
a. True
b. False
29. Scientists typically consider the results of a single study to be conclusive and definitive.
a. True
b. False
30. The terms disease prevention and health promotion mean the same thing.
a. True
b. False
31. Community implies an interdependence between people and/or organizations within a
defined region.
a. True
b. False
32. The terms ethnicity and race can be used interchangeably.
a. True
b. False
33. Race is a term used to describe a community based on common cultural origins and
ancestry.
a. True
b. False
34. The term wellness refers to a relative state in which a person maximizes their physical
and emotional functioning to live a full and satisfying life.
35. Interpersonal health is the study of health outcomes in or between groups of individuals
such as college students.
36. In 1947, the World Health Organization (WHO) broke new ground with its positive
definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental, and SOCIAL well-being.
37. The SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL model of health addresses the interrelationships that influence
your health.
38. Your health is affected by your BUILT physical environment (including schools,
sanitation, and transportation) and your natural physical environment (such as air and
water quality).
39. External environmental conditions that can be altered by social and health policies and
programs are known as the social DETERMINANTS of health.
40. The series of four bases arranged to form a distinct message, located at a certain
location along a chromosome, is called a(n) GENE.
41. The tightly-coiled molecule within the nucleus of a cell that contains an entire set of
genetic instructions is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
42. The two chains that DNA consists of are joined in a double STRANDED structure.
43. Of our 23 CHROMOSOME pairs, 22 are the same for men and women.
44. Females have two X chromosomes; males have only one.
45. Changes that occur during the process of parents passing genes to their children are
called mutations.
46. A single-gene physical characteristic, such as whether earlobes are detached or
attached, is determined by either a dominant or a recessive gene.
47. A mutated gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant or healthy gene is
called recessive .
48. A health condition caused by interactions among one or more genes and the
environment is called a(n) multifactorial disorder.
49. An illustration of an individual’s family genetic history is commonly referred to as a
family health tree.
50. To understand why people make the health choices they do, the Health Belief Model
uses the constructs of perceived susceptibility, seriousness of consequences, benefits of
action, and barriers to action.
RESOURCES (as per syllabus GHSO-100)
REQUIRED BOOK
SmartBook:
Your Health Today: Choices in a Changing Society, Eighth Edition
(with extra Supplemental Chapters)
©2020 | Teague, Mackenzie, Rosenthal | McGraw-Hill Higher
Education — USA- to be implemented as an E-book in the next
semester.
Reference
HEALTH & SOCIETY
CLO-1
/dainayesuraj
GHSO100 – LECTURE 1
OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the importance of health
awareness in society.
2. Understanding health problems and
their social effects.
3. Understand
individual
individuals.
the promotion of
health
between
4. Explain
briefly
the
determinants of health.
global
Ever wonder…
• why is it so hard to break a bad habit?
• how much your parents’ health predicts your own?
• how your neighborhood affects your health?
AIM OF STUDY: Personal health in the context of social, cultural & physical
environment.
GOAL:
Individuals should take up personal
and collective changes.
1947 – WHO – Defined Health
… Physical + Mental + Social health =
HEALTH (3)
ILLNESS (Western)
*spiritual domain
WELLNESS (7) = continuous, active process
to improve health & be satisfied health-wise
.. (…+ emotional + intellectual + occupational
+ environmental)
WELLNESS
(Other
approaches)
SALUTOGENESIS*
HOW DOES THIS MODEL PLAY OUT IN
YOUR LIFE?
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH = Complex, external factors that influence an individual’s and population’s health
(income, economic status, educational attainment, literacy, employment status, literacy, employment status, working
conditions, housing, transportation, healthcare, social support networks etc..)
Environmental
Factors
Natural
Factors
Built Factors
POPULATION DIFFERENCES create HEALTH DISPARITIES
•
•
•
•
Geography
Ethnicity & race…. well, what’s the diff?
Socioeconomic status
Educational attainment ………all of these matters…… If these are uniform, then
HEALTH EQUITY can be attained!! ☺
PUBLIC HEALTH – It
**Remember
focusses on healths of
: Public
populations of people
Your Health
healthis
Health
Promotion
Community
Health
Disease
Prevention
Personal
Community Health = interdependence
between people & organizations
“a society in which all people live long,
healthy lives”
Your personal health choices
HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOUR CHOICES…2 useful MODELS on this:
Your personal health choices
HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOUR CHOICES…2 useful MODELS on this:
CREATING A BEHAVIOR CHANGE PLAN.
1. Is there a health behavior I would
like to change?
2. Why do I want to change this
behavior?
3. What barriers am I likely to
encounter?
4. Am I ready to change the behavior?
How do you become an informed consumer of health information?
Understanding
Medical
Research
studies
Developing Health
Literacy
Evaluating health
information from
the Internet
Basic
Medical
Research
Epidemiological
Studies
Clinical
Studies
HEALTH AND FAMILY HISTORY….!
DNA – RNA – PROTEIN
Mutation: Changes that occur in a gene;
“mostly spontaneous”
Genetics and Heredity….?
ALLELES = alternative forms of a gene
OR copy of a gene
Examples of Dominant and Recessive traits…
Epigenetics and DNA Methylation…
• CAUSES OF EPIGENETICS….
RelativeContributionofEnvironmentandGenetics
Nature & Nurture
CREATING A
FAMILY HISTORY
TREE…..
➢ A visual representation of the
family’s genetic history
➢ Also called genogram or genetic
pedigree
W hat can you learn from
your health tree???
EPIDEMIOLOGY & PUBLIC HEALTH
CLO-2
/dainayesuraj
Daina Health & Society Lectures
OBJECTIVES
1. What is epidemiology and how
does it serve public health?
2. Examples and case-study of
epidemiological cases.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Ever wonder…
How do regulators make decision on what we aren’t allowed
to do?
• Like smoking in public places..
• Or driving air polluting cars?
How do health organizations make recommendations on
healthy eating?
• Like 5 servings of fruits & veggies a day?
THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DECISIONS BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGY.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Epidemiology — Defined
Study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related
states among specified
populations and the application
of that study to the control of
health problems
Check out this article by NCBI on the “Epidemiology of Covid-19” which was published in the
US National Library of Medical Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364648/
4
Community Health Centers study
epidemiology
“a society in which all people live long,
healthy lives”
Daina Health & Society Lectures
How do you become an informed consumer of health information?
Developing
Health Literacy
Evaluating health
information from
the Internet
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Understanding
Medical Research
studies
Basic
Medical
Researc
h
Epidemiolo
gical
Studies
Clinical
Studies
1.In the definition of epidemiology, “distribution” refers
to:
a. Who
b. When
c. Where
d. Why
2. In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally includes:
a. Agents
b. Causes
c. Control measures
d. Risk factors
e. Sources
3. Epidemiology, as defined in this lesson, would include which of the following activities?
a. Describing the age and marital status of persons with food poisoning in Dubai
b. Prescribing an antibiotic to treat a patient with fungal infection
c. Comparing the family history, amount of exercise, and eating habits of those with and without newly
diagnosed diabetes
d. Recommending that a restaurant be closed after it became the source of a hepatitis A outbreak
Daina Health & Society Lectures
How do we know whether..
Something we do
OR
Something we’re exposed to
…Is harmful or not?
… And how harmful is it? …. By doing experiments
Daina Health & Society Lectures
The only reliable way is
… to use science to develop evidence that shows
something is bad for health!
IN-VIVO = IN-NATURE
1: To do research on animals (in-vivo studies) [Not same
effect on humans] e.g. Chocolate is harmful to dogs,
Aspirin is toxic to cats, but both are safe for humans
OR
IN-VITRO = IN-LABORATORY
2: To do research on cells isolated in test-tubes or petridishes in the laboratory (in-vitro studies)
Cells out of body behave differently!!!
So, we have to be very careful when we apply the effects
of these cells on humans.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Of course, the most
straightforward approach is
… to do experiments on real people!
BUT WITH A FEW EXCEPTIONS,
this is highly unethical. #warning
You can’t go around exposing
people to potentially harmful
substances JUST TO SEE WHAT
HAPPENS.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
THIS LEAVES US WITH OBSERVING THE REAL WORLD!!!
1. Measuring what a lot of people are exposed to?
(by a lot means 100s or 1000s of people) ☺
2. Trying to work out what the connections are between these exposures and their
health.
(EXPOSURE → → → → → HEALTH?)
STUDIES LIKE THIS FORM A BIG PART OF EPIDEMIOLOGY.
Powerful way to understand how exposures and behavior potentially affect large
groups of people!
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Just because someone was exposed to something and they got
sick, does not mean that the two events are related.
THE EXPOSURE MAY NOT HAVE CAUSED THE SICKNESS.
Making sense of epidemiology data
is OFTEN REALLY HARD!!!
So, care needs to be taken so that
we DO NOT JUMP TO THE
WRONG CONCLUSIONS .
Daina Health & Society Lectures
While EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXPOSURE and OUTCOME, there is
a number of reasons why we might see an association!!!
(*confounding = other things interfering with our observation)
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Confounding = other factors that confuses our
interpretation of the exposure.
In this case, SMOKING is the confounder.
In real-life, there are many confounders!!!
Some more obvious than others.
Because of this, epidemiological
investigations take quite a bit of detective
work to figure out what exposures really lead
to the health outcomes? And which ones only
appear to?
Daina Health & Society Lectures
WHAT INFORMATION MATTERS?
To find what’s really relevant, epidemiologists use
STATISTICS.
One standard practice in analyzing data = to look at
PROBABILITY or p-value. (to determine if findings are
likely to be true or simply due to chance)
“The lower the p-value, the more likely it is that the
results studied represent reality and did not happen
because of chance/ random variations”
*statistical significant= a fancy way of saying that there
is a less than 5% chance of these results being due to
random variations.
However p-value only tells us whether the outcomes are due to chance or not. It
does not help us understand how strong the association is. It DOES NOT tell us
how important the health implications are.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
If statistics aren’t done well, even low p-values can be misleading!!!!!
Consider Cancer risks…
Red Meat Case – This is extremely low
when you consider all the other things
you’re exposed to that potentially infect
your health. Especially if the chances of
getting cancer aren’t high to start with…
And this is why, LOOKING AT p-value
ALONE ISN’T ENOUGH!
Researchers also need to consider how
large of a effect the exposure has? =
“EFFECT SIZE”
Not just whether there is effect or not.
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Lastly, when making sense of
epidemiological studies, it’s important to
remember that this science deals with
collective health of a lot of people, and not
individuals.
Because we’re all different & live under
different conditions, it is very hard to apply
broad conclusions from such studies, to
single people.
But they are good at indicating what whole
communities should do to stay healthy!
Daina Health & Society Lectures
Bottom line is, it takes a lot of work to
conduct epidemiology studies.
It takes a lot of work to interpret them
correctly!!!
Despite, these difficulties, epidemiology
is crucial for making PUBLIC HEALTH
decisions and improving the well-being
of people.
It:
1. Makes better healthy lifestyle
recommendations
2. Reduces health-care bills
3. Increases productivity of tons of
millions of people
Daina Health & Society Lectures
WHICH IS WHY, EPIDEMIOLOGY IS
SO IMPORTANT!
1. A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the
currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is
an example of which type of study?
a. Experimental
b. Observational
c. Clinical trial
2. The Iowa Women’s Health Study, in which researchers enrolled 41,837 women in 1986 and collected
exposure and lifestyle to assess the relationship between these factors and subsequent occurrence of cancer,
is an example of which type(s) of study?
a. Experimental
b. Observational
c. Clinical trial
3. Indirect transmission includes which of the
following?
1. Droplet spread
2. Mosquito-borne
3. Foodborne
4. Doorknobs or toilet seats
Daina Health & Society Lectures
A Public Health Approach
20
Epidemiology Purposes
in Public Health Practice
• Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors
that affect health
• Determine the relative importance of causes of illness,
disability, and death
• Identify those segments of the population that have the
greatest risk from specific causes of ill health
• Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and
services in improving population health
21
Epidemiology Key Terms
epidemic or outbreak: disease occurrence among a population that
is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.
cluster: group of cases in a specific time and place that might be
more than expected.
endemic: disease or condition present among a population at all
times.
pandemic: a disease or condition that spreads across regions.
rate: number of cases occurring during a specific period; always
dependent on the size of the population during that period.
22
A Public Health Approach
Surveillance
Risk Factor
Identification
Intervention
Evaluation
Implementation
23
Sample questions
All of the following illustrate the purpose of
epidemiology in public health, except
A. identifying populations who are at risk for certain
diseases.
B. assessing the effectiveness of interventions.
C. providing treatment for patients in clinical settings.
D. determining the importance of causes of illness
24
Sample questions
Epidemiologists use a model for studying infectious disease
and its spread that involves the microbe that causes the
disease, the organism that harbors the disease, and the
external factors that cause or allow disease transmission.
This is also known as
A. host, vector, and transmission.
B. transmission, host, and environment.
C. host, agent, and environment.
D. organism, transmission, and environment.
25
Sample questions
Match each term with the correct example.
A. endemic
B. pandemic
C. epidemic
A.
1. Malaria is present in Africa at all times
because of the presence of infected
mosquitoes. Malaria is _____ in Africa.
C.
2. The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in
excess of what is expected for this
region. This virus is a/an ________.
B.
3. HIV/AIDS is one of the worst global
diseases in history. It is a/an _________.
26
Sample questions
Choose the correct answer.
A. distribution
B. cluster
C. determinant
In March 1981, an outbreak of measles occurred
among employees at Factory X in Fort Worth, Texas.
This group of cases in this specific time and place
can be described as a ________________.
27
Sample questions
Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
A. Qualitative
C. Observational
B. Experimental
C. Observational
An epidemiologist is doing a study on
the sleep patterns of college
students but does not provide any
intervention. What type of study is
this?
28
Daina Health & Society Lectures
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