Respond to each of the following five prompts or questions in paragraph form (at least 5-7 sentences- First sentence should be your topic/thesis sentence, followed by at least three or more points/three or more sentences expanding upon this topic, with the final sentence being your concluding sentence). For each prompt or question cite examples from the student class presentations that are posted on Blackboard to defend your thesis. Cite the particular class presentation(s) and the particular slide(s) number(s) to defend your discussion. Each question is worth 20 points. The fifth question is an optional extra credit opportunity that is worth 25 points.
Extra Credit Question
Discuss the concept of Reciprocal Determinism . Give examples of how each level of factors within the model can influence other factors in the model and ultimately health behavior. (25 points)
Cardiovascular Health
Abigail Jones, Ramsha Baig, and Binh Motoki
Background Of Disease
Cardiovascular Disease refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels which can lead to major heart conditions.
The most common types of Cardiovascular Disease Include;
Coronary Artery Disease- (this is the most common type of heart disease)- This happens when the arteries that supply blood to the
heart muscle become hardened and narrow. This is due to the buildup of cholesterol and plaque on the inner walls. Plaque buildup
causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time. This process is called atherosclerosis.
High Blood Pressure- force the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as
heart disease. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure.
Cardiac Arrest- A cardiac arrest is also called a cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest and indicates a sudden stop
in effective and normal blood circulation due to failure of the heart to pump blood. Cardiac arrest is different from
myocardial infarction or heart attack but may be caused by a heart attack.
Congestive Heart Failure- Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood
with normal efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such as the
brain, liver, and kidneys
Cardiovascular Disease Continued….
Arrhythmia-
Also known as irregular heartbeat or cardiac dysrhythmia, is a group of conditions where the heartbeat
is irregular, too slow, or too fast. Arrhythmias are broken down into: Slow heartbeat: bradycardia. Fast heartbeat:
tachycardia. Irregular heartbeat: flutter or fibrillation.
Peripheral Artery Disease- Most common cause of peripheral artery disease (P.A.D.) is atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up in your arteries. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known.
When damage occurs, your body starts a healing process.
Stroke- It can happen to anyone at any time. It occurs when blood flow to an area of brain is cut off. When this
happens, brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to die. When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities controlled by
that area of the brain such as memory and muscle control are lost.
Congenital Heart Disease-is one or more abnormalities in your heart’s structure that you’re born with. This
most common of birth defects can alter the way blood flows through your heart.
Prevalence
Heart Disease in the United States. About 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year–that’s 1
in every 4 deaths. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. More than half of the deaths due
to heart disease in 2009 were in men.
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Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. More than half of the deaths due to
heart disease in 2009 were in men
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease, killing over 370,000 people
annually.
Every year about 735,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 525,000 are a first heart attack and
210,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack.
Cause, progression, symptoms, and signs
Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain
(angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart’s muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart
disease.
The symptoms for heart disease is dependent upon the type of heart disease an individual has
-For Cardiovascular Disease some symptoms may include;
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Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina)
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Shortness of breath
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Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed
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Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back
-The signs for Heart Disease include;
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Fluttering in your chest.
Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
Chest pain or discomfort.
Shortness of breath.
Lightheadedness.
Dizziness.
Diagnosis
● ECG: detecting irregularities of your heart’s rhythm and structure
● Holter monitoring: portable device to record a continuous ECG for 24 to 72
hours
● Echocardiogram: ultrasound of your chest
● CT scan: efficient when trying to spot clogged arteries
● MRI scan: scan damaged tissues
● Stress test: activities to raise heart rate and performing heart test
Complications from the illness
● Heart failure: heart got weak from cardiovascular disease → harder to pump
blood and oxygen
● Stroke: blood clots form in heart → travel to brain when broke free → cut off
blood supply in brain
● Heart attack: artery got blocked → blood can’t reach other part in heart
muscle
● Cardiac arrest: heart stops beating → no blood flow to organs and brain
Comorbidities
Patients who have cardiovascular disease tend to have other health issues
such as:
● Diabetes:
+high blood sugar level → high glucose level in blood stream;
+atherosclerosis: fatty material in blood vessel → block blood flow→ heart
attack/stroke
● Obesity : excess weight → greater cardiac workload
+ hypertension → left ventricle enlarges → hypertrophy → increase risk of
heart failure/ heart attack
Prevention of the illness
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the best
methods of prevention are:
-Lowering sodium intake
-ABC’s of cardiovascular health
-Increasing physical activity
-managing stress levels
-Encouraging the cessation of smoking
Self Management of the illness
A study done by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found that CVD is mainly
caused by social and genetic factors.
Therefore self-management consists of making lifestyle changes. To help with the
management of the disease this study created “vascular view”
Focused on
-self-efficacy
-risk perception
-Developing skills to cope with CVD
How are theories of health behavior applied to
prevention or self management
– Self efficacy
– Socio-ecological model
– Transtheoretical model
Citations
-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5322199/
-https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/pdf/aag/dhdsp-H.pdf
-https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/heart-disease-stroke.htm;
-https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118
-https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease
-https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
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